PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 007
Separations 2022, 9, 180 sion peaks are observed, which are ascribed to O1s (531 eV), N1s (399 eV) and C1s (285 eV), respectively. There are two small peaks at 232 eV (Cl2p) and168 eV (S2p) in the PES UF membrane (PES layer), and the Cl content is negligible. The C content is higher, but the N content is lower on the PES layer (Table 3). Compared to the PES layer, the contents of N and O elements are higher in the PDA-g-C3N4 interlayer, which is due to the high N 7 of 16 content in PDA and g-C3N4 [40], and the N content is increased from 2.96% to 6.95%. The N content in the PEI + TMC layer is increased to 11.08%, which is mainly derived from N- C=O and NH2 (NHR) groups. The amide groups are attributed to the introduction of O=C- Separations 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW PES layer PES layer 2.96 14.08 - - 3.088 of 17 3.08 For the PDA-g-C N layer, the peaks at 402.4, 401.2, 399.7 and 390.0 eV correspond to 34 N groups by IP of PEI and TMC, and a dense PA layer is formed on the surfaces of mem- protonated N, conjugated N and C-N bonds, respectively, while for the PEI + TMC layer, branes. The primary and secondary amines are derived from unreacted PEI. Thus, the the peaks at 402.8, 401.4, 399.8, and 389.9 eV correspond to the protonated N, conjugated N, cross-linking degree of the NF membrane can be assessed by the percentage of amide O=C-N bond, and C-N bond of amides, respectively [43]. groups. (a) (b) Figure 3. FTIR spectra of M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 membranes (a) and the in situ XPS spectra Figure 3. FTIR spectra of M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 membranes (a) and the in situ XPS spectra of of the M5 membrane (b). the M5 membrane (b). Table 3. Relative elemental content in different layers of M5 membrane (from XPS). Table 3. Relative elemental content in different layers of M5 membrane (from XPS). Sample Sample PEI+TMC layer Elemental Relative Content (at %) PEI+TMC layer 70.19 73.68 79.88 11.08 17.37 1.35 - PDA-g-C3N4 layer 6.95 16.03 0.89 PDA-g-C3N4 layer 6.95 16.03 0.89 2.44 70.19 73.68 79.88 11.08 17.37 1.35 - 2.44 Elemental Relative Content (at %) C N O Cl S C N O Cl S 2.96 14.08 (a) (d) The in situ high resolution C1s and N1s XPS spectra of M5 membrane are deconvo- luted and fitted to analyze the surface chemical properties (Figure 4). The C1s XPS spec- trum of PES layer is deconvoluted into four peaks (Figure 4a), which are attributed to the C-C bond (284.8 eV), the C-N (285.4 eV) bond derived from the preparation of PES, the C- O bond (286.3 eV), and the C-S bond (291.5 eV) of PES, respectively [41]. The PDA-g-C3N4 layer shows four peaks corresponding to C-C (284.8 eV), C-N (285.8 eV), C-O (286.3 eV), and N-C=N (288.0eV) (Figure 4b). The N-C=N bond is attributed to C sp2 hybridization that represents the unique tri-s-triazine rings of g-C3N4 [20]. For the PEI + TMC layer, four peaks are observed at 287.1 (O=C-N), 286.3 (C-O), 285.8 (C-N), and 284.8 (C-C) eV (Figure 4c). The peak of O=C-N (287.1 eV) indicates that IP reaction has occurred [42]. The high- resolution N1s spectra are show(bn) in Figure 4d–f. There is only one pea(ck) at 400 eV (C-N) for the PES layer, which corresponds to C-N introduced during the preparation of PES membrane. Several new peaks are observed in PDA-g-C3N4 and PEI + TMC layers. For the PDA-g-C3N4 layer, the peaks at 402.4, 401.2, 399.7 and 390.0 eV correspond to protonated N, conjugated N and C-N bonds, respectively, while for the PEI + TMC layer, the peaks at 402.8, 401.4, 399.8, and 389.9 eV correspond to the protonated N, conjugated N, O=C-N bond, and C-N bond of amides, respectively [43]. (e) (f) Figure 4. In situ high resolution C1s spectra (a–c) and N1s spectra (d–f) of the M5 membrane. Figure 4. In situ high resolution C1s spectra (a–c) and N1s spectra (d–f) of the M5 membrane. The surface and cross-sectional SEM images of the PES, PES/PDA-g-C3N4 interlayer, The surface and cross-sectional SEM images of the PES, PES/PDA-g-C3N4 interlayer, and M5 membranes are shown in Figure 5. The porous surface of PES UF membrane (Fig- and M5 membranes are shown in Figure 5. The porous surface of PES UF membrane ure 5a) disappears after the co-deposition of PDA and g-C3N4 and instead a dense layer is formed with PDA aggregation (Figure 5b). The surface of M5 membrane is denser and smoother after the IP of PEI and TMC (Figure 5c). On the other hand, the PES membrane has an asymmetric morphology with micro-porous finger-like and spongy-like structures (Figure 5d). A clearly visible thin selective layer is formed on the surface of PES membranePDF Image | Nanofiltration Membrane Using Polydopamine Carbon Nitride
PDF Search Title:
Nanofiltration Membrane Using Polydopamine Carbon NitrideOriginal File Name Searched:
separations-09-00180.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)