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Separations 2022, 9, 180 10 of 16 0.05 to 0.4 wt%, the separation performance first increases and then decreases, while the permeance gradually decreases. This is because there is no sufficient TMC to react with PEI at low TMC concentrations and the IP is weak. However, once the optimum IP is achieved, the increasing of the TMC concentration would actually decrease the separation performance, because the hydrolysis of unreacted acid chloride groups in TMC to carboxyl groups reduces the degree of IP between PEI and TMC. Considering that the IP reaction time is short, increasing the time will not help to increase the permeance. Thus, the TMC concentration of 0.1 wt% and the reaction time of 2 min are considered to be the best choice. The effects of g-C3N4 concentration and the immersion time of DA are shown in Figure 8e,f, respectively. Adding g-C3N4 could increase the permeance of the membrane, but too high g-C3N4 content would reduce the separation performance. Thus, the optimum amount of g-C3N4 is determined to be 0.02 wt%. Once the immersion time exceeds 2 h, increasing the immersion time will not increase the separation performance but will significantly reduce the permeance. Therefore, 2 h is selected as the most appropriate immersion time, which is shorter than that reported in the previous literature [23,24]. Figure 9 shows the effect of stripping time of g-C3N4 (24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 192 h) on the separation performance and Separations 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 17 permeance. It an be seen that the membrane fabricated for 96 h has the best separation performance and permeance. Figure 8. Effects of fabrication conditions on membrane separation performance and permeance. Figure 8. Effects of fabrication conditions on membrane separation performance and permeance. (a) (a) PEI concentration; (b) immersion time of PEI; (c) TMC concentration; (d) reaction time; (e) g-C3N4 PEI concentration; (b) immersion time of PEI; (c) TMC concentration; (d) reaction time; (e) g-C3N4 concentration; (f) immersion time of DA. concentration; (f) immersion time of DA.PDF Image | Nanofiltration Membrane Using Polydopamine Carbon Nitride
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