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Minerals 2021, 11, 1330 3 of 23 Price et al. (2000) [25] believed that lithium-rich brine in Clayton Valley Salt Lake, Nevada, western United States, may come from the weathering products of lithium-rich volcanic ash or rhyolite; Araoka et al. (2013) [26] believed that lithium-rich intercrystalline brine of the dry salt lake in Nevada, United States, mainly came from high-temperature water–rock (volcanic rock) reaction and local hot spring activities, rather than from low-temperature weathering products of surface materials. One common feature of lithium–potassium-rich brines mentioned is the development of volcanic activity in the basin. Active and dormant volcanoes plus the massive magmatic body are important as heat sources, which enhance water–rock reactions [14,17,25]. The concentrations of KCl and LiCl in the brine in the Jiangling depression reach 1.64% and 300–800 mg/L, respectively, both of which have met the formal and official requirements of industrial development in China. The brine is a liquid-type potassium- and lithium-rich deposit and hasa high comprehensive utilization value [5,27,28]. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the source and enrichment process of mineralization in the brine to establish a metallogenic model of potassium- and lithium-rich brine and guide the further prospecting of potassium- and lithium-rich brine in this area. Magmatic activity in Middle Cenozoic was frequent in and around the basin. Basalt and granite are rich in potassium, lithium, rubidium, tungsten, tin, and other elements [29–31], which may have been the main source of minerals for the deep-buried brine in the basin. Whether the ore-forming materials of potassium–lithium-rich brine were directly enriched by water– rock reactions or formed by surface weathering, evaporation, and concentration and finally sealed storage is the subject of this research. To solve the scientific problem of the material source and enrichment process of potassium and lithium in the brine in the Jiangling depression, potassium–lithium-rich brine and Cenozoic igneous rocks around the Jiangling depression were selected for analysis of the chemical constituents of brine and rocks. The water–rock reaction process of basalt and granite was carried out by using a reaction kettle to explore its significance to the material source and genesis of the potassium–lithium-rich brine. 2. Geological Background The Jianghan Basin, which covers an area of almost 36,360 km2, is located in Hubei Province in South China (Figure 1A). It is one of a series of northeast–southwest-oriented Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental rift basins in East Asia [32–34]. It formed in a back-arc extensional tectonic setting due to widespread regional extensional subsidence caused by the eastward rollback of the subducting Pacific Plate that has occurred since the Mesozoic [35–37]. The Jianghan Basin is bounded by NNE-trending normal faults and is underlain by the crystalline basement of the Yangtze Craton [38,39]. It is located between two Mesozoic orogenic belts: the Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt to the north and the Xuefeng orogenic belt to the south. It is also bordered to the west by the Huangling Dome along the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River [39] and to the southwest by the Yidu–Hefeng Anticline (Figure 1B).PDF Image | Origin of Lithium Potassium Rich Brines in the Jianghan
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