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𝑆𝐹 𝐶 /𝐶 (3) (3) where 𝐶 where 𝐶, 𝐶,/𝐶, , , is the receiving concentration of Li+, 𝐶 is the receiving concentration of is the receiving concentration of Li , 𝐶, is the receiving concentration of , + , M n+(Mg 2+, Na +and K +), 𝐶 is the feed concentration of Li+ , and 𝐶 is the feed concen- M (Mg , Na and K ), 𝐶, is the feed concentration of Li , and 𝐶, is the feed concen- n+ 2+ + + , + , tration of Mn+. tration of Mn+. Membranes 2022, 12, 839 33. .ReessullttssaandDiiscussion 33.1.1. .Chhaarraacctteerriizzattiion off the PIMs 3. Results and Discussion 5 of 13 3 3 . 1. 1 . 1. 1 . . M M o o r r p p h h o o l l o o g g y y S S t t u u d d y y 3.1. Characterization of the PIMs T T h h e e s s u u r r f f a a c c e e a a n n d d c c r r o o s s s s - - s s e e c c t t i i o o n n a a l l m m o o r r p p h h o o l l o o g g i i e e s s o o f f t t h h e e d d e e v v e e l l o o p p e e d d P P I I M M s s w w e e r r e e i ni n v v e e s s t i t - i - 3.1.1. Morphology Study g g a a t t e e d d b b y y S S E E M M i i m m a a g g e e s s , , a a s s s s h h o o w w n n i i n n F F i i g g u u r r e e s s 3 3 a a n n d d 4 4 . . T T h h e e s s u u r r f f a a c c e e a a n n d d c c r r o o s s s s s s e e c c t t i oi o n n o o f f t ht h e e The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the developed PIMs were investigated PPIIMsswiitthtthecarrriiercontentranging from 20 wt.%to60wt..%arreccompaacctt,,hhoomooggeennee-- by SEM images, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. The surface and cross section of the PIMs oouuss,,aanndwiitthouwttoiotbhbvtihioeuscsahrroilelerscornctcernactckrsa,nwgihnigchfrioinmdi2c0atwest.t%thattotth6he0eCwCTtT.A%Apaporoellyycmomeerprhahacasts,ehexox-m-ogeneous, cceellelennttccoompattiibaiilnliidttywwitihithohuthoebPv5io0u7s-ThBoPlescaorrcierar.ckHso,owhevivcehr,i,nadsitcthahetecscatrhrariietertrhcceoCntTteAenntptwowlayasmsfeufurrr-h-as excellent ther increased toco7m0 wpatt.%ibi,ltihtyerweiwthertehemPa5n0y7b-TuBbPblcea-lrirkier.prHotorwuseivoenrs, oans the mcaerrmiebrraconnetseunrt-was further ther increased to 70 wt.%, there were many bubble-like protrusions on the membrane sur- face, and visibleinvcoreidasecdotuold70awlsot.%b,ethoebrserwverde omnanthyebmubebmleb-lriakneepcrorotrsusssioenctsion. tThhe empermesb-rane surface, face, and visible voids could also be observed on the membrane cross section. The pres- and visible voids could also be observed on the membrane cross section. The presence of ence of voids in the membrane will facilitate ion transport in these defects without selec- ence of voids in the membrane will facilitate ion transport in these defects without selec- tivity. tivity. voids in the membrane will facilitate ion transport in these defects without selectivity. Figure 3. Surface morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) 30%; (c) Figure 3. Surface morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) 30%; (c) 40%; Figure 3. Surface morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) 30%; (c) 40%; (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. Figure 4. Cross-sectional morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. 40%; (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. Figure 4. Cross-sectional morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) 30%; (c) 40%; (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. Figure 4. Cross-sectional morphologies of the PIMs with different content of carrier: (a) 20%; (b) 30%; 30%; (c) 40%; (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. (c) 40%; (d) 50%; (e) 60%; and (f) 70%. 3.1.2. FTIR and EDX Analysis FTIR spectra of different PIMs are shown in Figure 5a, the absorption bands at around 1741 cm−1 and 1365 cm−1 are assigned to the stretching vibration of C=O and C-O bonds existing in the CTA polymer [37]. The bands located at 1224 cm−1 and 1022 cm−1 arePDF Image | P507 TBP Carriers for Lithium Extraction from Brines
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