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Mater. Proc. 2021, 5, 33 3 of 6 Table 1. Energy inputs and GHG emissions to produce 1 t of LMH from spodumene concentrate for the Whabouchi project in Quebec [12]. Energy Input Electricity power (concentration plant) Electricity power (electrochemical plant) Natural gas (electrochemical plant) Total 3. Results Amount 7610 MJ 32.85 GJ 36.35 GJ 69.21 GJ Emission 2.54 kg CO2 10.95 kg CO2 1861.14 kg CO2 1874.63 kg CO2 Table 2 provides the information relevant for the purpose of comparing the min- ing project economics, and Figure 1 juxtaposes the capital (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) over the respective mine life. The unit operating costs for the projects located in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, a.k.a. the Lithium Triangle, fall in the range of 3000–3600 USD/t LCE, except for the MSB Blanco (Chile), slightly higher at 3900 USD/t LCE. Both Quebec-based projects also lie within this range. As shown in Figure 1, Authier Lithium and Quebec Lithium exhibit lower CAPEX than all the South American projects. The electrochemical processing facility for Wabouchi’s concentrate obviously contributes to the total capital cost to a large extent, thus making the compari- son irrelevant. Table 3 presents the total number of lithium-ion batteries and associated GHG emis- sions that would result in Quebec from the total production of lithium from the Whabouchi and Quebec Lithium projects over a 33-year period. In this scenario, the production would reach figures from 10 to 21 million of batteries, with GHG emissions varying from 3.80 to 5.34 M t CO2 eq., respectively. Table 2. Features and project economics from lithium mining projects. Elaborated with data from feasibility studies [17,22–28]. Project Name Authier Lithium Quebec Lithium Whabouchi 3Q Project Cauchari JV Cauchari-Olaroz Pastos Grandes MSB Blanco Location Quebec Quebec Quebec Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Chile Life of Mine (Years) 14 15 33 35 31 40 40 20 Final Product 114,116 t/y of spod. concentrate 20,000 t LCE/y 37,000 t LMH/y 20,000 t LCE/y 25,000 t LCE/y 40,000 t LCE/y 24,000 t LCE/y 20,000 t LCE/y Unit Operating Cost (USD/t LCE) 1 — 3596.60 3640.87 3 2963.87 3421.08 3622.43 3438.52 3903.30 Pre-Tax NPV (8%) 2 216 M CAD 365 M CAD 3128 M CAD 1547 M USD 1158 M USD 2774 M USD 1588 M USD 1286 M USD Pre-Tax IRR (%) Payback Period (Years) Total Production (t Li) Lithium Consumption (g Li/kWh) 257,843 190 380 GHG Emissions (Mt of CO2 eq.) N◦ of Batteries 21,713,122 2.26 3.08 5.34 10,856,561 1.54 3.80 33.90 4.0 32.00 4.0 30.30 4.5 60.30 1.7 26.20 4.6 37.99 2.8 28.10 5.3 23.80 4.1 1 For the purpose of comparison, all values have been discounted to December 2020 U.S. dollars using the rates listed on the United States Department of Labor [29] from the dates indicated in the respective feasibility studies. 2 Presented values have not been discounted and are reported according to the date of the feasibility studies. 3 USD/t LMH. Table 3. Number of potential 62.5 kWh EV batteries produced from Quebec LHM production and associated GHG emissions. Production Assembly TotalPDF Image | Perspectives of Lithium Mining in Quebec
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