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Maatetre.r.PProrocc..22002211,,55,,333 4 4ooff66 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 962 1307 1000 0 7490 6704 3879 3017 2373 2224 CAPEX OPEX Figure 1. CAPEX and OPEX over the life of mine from the analyzed lithium mining projects (the red bar represents the sum Figure 1. CAPEX and OPEX over the life of mine from the analyzed lithium mining projects (the red bar represents the of the CAPEX and OPEX). sum of the CAPEX and OPEX). 4. Discussion Table 3. Number of potential 62.5 kWh EV batteries produced from Quebec LHM production and associated GHG emis- sions. Table 1 shows that current brine processing projects tend to be of larger scale, com- pared to Quebec’s hard rock projects, when considering the life of mine, capital costs involved and NPV. The life of mine of four of them (out of five) exceeds 30 years, whereas Total Production Lithium Consumption N° of Batteries GHG Emissions (Mt of CO2 eq.) (t Li) 257,843 two out of three spodumene operations would only last 14–15 years. The NPV of lithium (g Li/kWh) Production Assembly Total mining projects from pegmatites in Quebec is much lower than that of lithium mining 190 21,713,122 3.08 5.34 projects from brines. Whabouchi 2st.2a6nds alone with a much larger deposit, exhibiting 380 10,856,561 1.54 3.80 mineral reserves to contemplate over 30 years of operations. All Quebec projects provide consistent IRR between 30–34%, while a greater variability is observed for brine projects, 4. Discussion ranging from 24–61%. Table 1 shows that current brine processing projects tend to be of larger scale, com- As presented in Figure 1, CAPEX associated with each project should not be over- pared to Quebec’s hard rock projects, when considering the life of mine, capital costs in- looked. Quebec projects, which for the most part have lower capital costs and a shorter volved and NPV. The life of mine of four of them (out of five) exceeds 30 years, whereas mine life, may represent a less risky option, although they come with a lower NPV. Results two out of three spodumene operations would only last 14–15 years. The NPV of lithium also demonstrate that the unit operating costs of Quebec Lithium (3600 USD/t LCE) com- mining projects from pegmatites in Quebec is much lower than that of lithium mining pare with those of projects in the upper range in Argentina, i.e., Cauchari JV (~3400 USD/t projects from brines. Whabouchi stands alone with a much larger deposit, exhibiting min- LCE), Pastos Grandes (~3400 USD/t LCE), Cauchari-Olaroz (3620 USD/t LCE) and MSB eBralalnrecsoe(r3v9e0s0toUcSoDn/tetmLCplEa)t.e3oQveorn3t0hyeeoatrhseorfhoapnedr,aatito~n3s0. A00llUQSuDe/btecLCprEo,jencottsapbrlyoveixdheibciotns-a smistoernetcIoRmRpbeetitwiveefing3u0r–e3.4%, while a greater variability is observed for brine projects, ranginIng ftrhoismre2g4a–r6d1,%im. provements in process control show great promise to increase the beneAfistsp—rethsernoutegdhiandFdiigtiuornea1l ,uCniAt PmEeXtalarsescoocviaetreyd—waintdh reeadcuhcpertohjecetnsehrgoyulcdonsoutmbeptoiovnero-f lomoiknedra.lQpuroebcescsipnrgojoepctesr,awtiohnicsh,wfohricthecomulodstrepsaurltihnasviegnloifiwcearntclaypliotwalecroosptserantidngacsohsotrstfeorr mpiengemliafeti,tme apyrorjepcrtse.seFnutuarlesws roirskyshooputilodna,laslotheoxupglohrtehtehyecsoimgneiwficitahnacelowf tehreNlPoVca.tRioensualntsd aolstohedremaornksettrafatecttohrastitnhtehuendietcoipsieorna-tminagkcinosgtsfoorfaQguivebenecinLvitehsitumen(3t.6T00heUcSoDm/tpLarCisEo)ncowmit-h poatrheewr hitahrdthroscekopfoptreonjteicatlsoipnetrhaetiounpsp,er.gr.a,ningeAiunsAtrraglieanatnindaC, ih.ei.n,aC,awuocuhladrioJbVv(io~3u4s0ly0bUeSvDe/rty LiCnfEo)r,mPatsitvoesiGnrtahnisdreesg(a~r3d4.00 USD/t LCE), Cauchari-Olaroz (3620 USD/t LCE) and MSB It is worth noticing that Quebec mineral reserves exceed to a large extent the domestic Blanco (3900 USD/t LCE). 3Q on the other hand, at ~3000 USD/t LCE, notably exhibits a needs should manufacturing lithium batteries for EVs from locally produced LCE/LMH more competitive figure. be contemplated. Quebec would therefore mostly rely on the export market, hence high- In this regard, improvements in process control show great promise to increase the lighting the interest to further develop sector to produce finish goods: lithium-ion batteries. benefits—through additional unit metal recovery—and reduce the energy consumption The possibility to integrate the neighboring American and Ontario automobile industry of mineral processing operations, which could result in significantly lower operating costs clearly makes a compelling argument for such a venture. for pegmatite projects. Future work should also explore the significance of the location Regarding the GHG emissions, producing lithium-ion batteries in Quebec would emit and other market factors in the decision-making for a given investment. The comparison 1.9 t of equivalent CO at the production stage. This value is about 43% of the 2.8–2.9 t with other hard rock potential operations, e.g., in Australia and China, would obviously reported in the literature [21]. However, this estimate only considers energy requirements be very informative in this regard. 2 for Li and therefore, other contributions, such as electrolyte and other components, could M USDPDF Image | Perspectives of Lithium Mining in Quebec
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)