PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 007
Photo © Bryant Olsen, cropped version used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0) license. Global climate change, driven by anthropogenic activities, poses an existential threat to the welfare of the planet and its inhabitants. Disruption of human societies and political structures (Schwartz and Randall 2003; Zhang et al. 2007; Kaniewski et al. 2017) and severe impacts to natural systems (Parmesan and Yohe 2003; Harley et al. 2006) are expected as climate change proceeds. Scientists agree that to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we need to limit global mean annual warming to 1.5 °C in this century (Tollefson 2018). Climate change must be addressed in part by reducing anthropogenic emissions of heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. As a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel combustion underpins the energy, transportation, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and other sectors of most human societies (Day et al. 2018; United States Environmental Protection Agency 2022). The transportation sector represents the largest emitter in the U.S., accounting for 27% of general greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2020). Many nations have made commitments to reduce greenhouse emissions by curbing fossil fuel use (Paris Agreement 2015) and transitioning towards renewable and other lower carbon- emitting sources of energy. Emission reduction policies have been enacted at national, state, and local levels, and are driving renewable energy development and electric vehicle deployment. In 2021, the United States made a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas pollution by 50% from 2005 levels by 2030 (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2021). To achieve this target, the U.S. is making public investments in infrastructure such as carbon-free electric grids and electric car charging stations. Finding solutions to transition the transportation sector away from fossil fuel use will be essential to reduce emissions, and technological advances over the last two decades have started to show promise in aiding this transition. For example, electric vehicle registrations in the U.S. grew from 600,000 to 1.8 million between 2016 and 2020 (International Energy Agency 2021), and are expected to grow to 25-30% of the new car market in the U.S. by 2030 (S&P Global 2021). As nations begin to “decarbonize” (Kueppers et al. 2021) and transition to renewable energy and electric vehicle use, new challenges emerge. Chief among these is the need to rapidly expand the production and use of rechargeable batteries in both transportation and grid energy storage applications. While many battery chemistries exist, lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely used in electric vehicles (Liu et al. 2022) and portable electronic devices (Liang et al. 2019), and may be used in grid storage systems as well (Hesse et al. 2017; Environmental and Energy Study Institute 2019). Lithium is a soft, white, and light alkali metal that is found in a wide variety of chemical compounds at low concentrations in rock, soils, sediments, and fresh and saline waters. Lithium is mined from rock or clay or extracted from hypersaline brine present in surface and underground water bodies. Once refined, it is incorporated in batteries (Tabelin et al. 2021), where it may be present in either the anode or cathode in combination with nickel, cobalt, and either aluminum and manganese oxides, iron phosphates, or other compounds such as graphite (Stan et al. 2014). Given their widespread use as of 2022, lithium-ion batteries are likely to remain a top choice for vehicle manufacturers over at least the next decade (Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries 2021). Introduction Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 7 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
PDF Search Title:
Potential Lithium Extraction in the United StatesOriginal File Name Searched:
Lithium_Report_FINAL.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)