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Groundwater may be used for a variety of purposes at hard rock and clay mining operations, including dewatering, dust control, and normal domestic and industrial process uses. In some cases, brines may be in hydraulic connection with less saline groundwater supporting wetlands and groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Besides groundwater-level declines, changes in groundwater conditions (due to either extraction, injection, or both), may have the effect of mobilizing poorer quality waters (e.g., saline waters) to impact higher quality groundwater and the ecosystems that the higher quality waters may support. Lithium extracted from brines may have varied impacts, with the potential for large areas of land, particularly near desert playas, to be disturbed and large amounts of water consumed when brackish groundwater is pumped (“brine pumping”) or evaporative ponds are used (Flexer et al. 2018, Kaunda 2020). Studies from South America, such as the Salar de Atacama and Laguna Lagunillas basin, have demonstrated how brine pumping for mineral extraction results in groundwater level declines that disrupt sensitive wetland ecosystems and the organisms they support (Scheihing and Troger 2018; Marazuela et al. 2019; Gutiérrez et al. 2022). Direct lithium extraction from brine (Figure 1), without the use of evaporative ponds, may result in less land disturbance and less water use if the brine is extracted from deep aquifers that are disconnected from freshwater aquifers, surface waters, and vegetation. However, chemical processing and refinement of lithium is still required post-extraction (Warren 2021), independent of whether lithium is derived from hard rock, clay, or brine. Therefore, even direct lithium extraction can result in some impacts to lands and waters if not managed properly. In all cases, preliminary baseline hydrologic data collection and associated analyses are required to evaluate connectivity between groundwater extraction that would occur during lithium mining and the human and natural communities dependent on that water. Given the wide range of lithium deposits and mining techniques, and the uniqueness of groundwater-dependent ecosystems from one location to the next, these connections should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Figure 1. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brine Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 9 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)