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Here we present an assessment of the environmental impacts, economic impacts, and policy implications of potential lithium extraction in the contiguous United States. Our assessment includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts associated with different extraction methods, and a detailed analysis of potential environmental impacts at 72 proposed extraction sites; an analysis of economic impacts of potential future lithium extraction, and a policy analysis based on stakeholder input from two locations: Salton Sea, California, and Thacker Pass, Nevada. Study Extent and Limitations Our assessment is focused on the environmental and economic impacts of potential future lithium extraction within the contiguous United States. Within this portion of the U.S., the presence of lithium-containing rocks, clays, or brines, and industry interest in pursuing lithium production, fall within nine U.S. states: Arizona, Arkansas, California, New Mexico, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming (please see Methods for the complete site selection methodology). We acknowledge that new lithium extraction sites are frequently proposed by mining interests, and we are aware of two new sites in Oregon that have been proposed since our assessment was completed in 2022 (please see state-by-state results for Oregon). These two sites are not included in our analysis. Our analysis does not address several important topics related to lithium production and use in the United States, including the impacts of extraction on cultural heritage and tribal lands, air quality impacts, public health concerns, or environmental justice or socio- economic impacts. Additionally, we only touch on the role of recycling in the lithium supply chain, and we do not cover the potential use of mining waste as a source of lithium or full life-cycle assessments of lithium battery or electric vehicle production. We acknowledge that considerations related to cultural heritage and tribal lands are of the utmost importance when making land use decisions. We advise against using the results of this assessment without further inquiry into the potential impacts that lithium extraction could have on cultural heritage and tribal lands. Additionally, we recognize that lithium extraction could have negative impacts on air quality and public health, and that there could be environmental justice and socio-economic concerns associated with lithium extraction. We hope that by making the full results of our assessment freely available online, we will enable others with expertise in these topics to conduct impact assessments of their own. We stand ready to collaborate in such efforts. While not considered in this assessment, recycling may be an important part of the lithium supply chain in the future (Ziemann 2018). Recent research indicates that recycled lithium-ion batteries can perform better than new lithium-ion batteries; researchers have developed a recycling method that generates more charging pore space on the cathode, which allows for a higher lithium chemical diffusion coefficient (they charge faster) and better strain mitigation (they are less brittle and withstand the charging/discharging process better) (Ma et al. 2021). We recognize that other studies provide life- cycle analyses of lithium batteries and electric vehicles (Liang et al. 2017), and that at least one mining company has begun to use waste rock from a boron mining site to produce lithium (Parkinson 2019). However, these topics are not included in our assessment. Lilac Sunbonnets (Langloisia setosissima ssp. punctata). Photo © Jim Morefield, used under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0) license Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 10 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)