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Membranes 2021, 11, 175 3 of 20 method requires a high amount of reagents, which is associated with the introduction of additional ions to the brine solution [31]. In the 2010s, a new method called membrane-assisted crystallization was proposed for simultaneous water production using membrane technology and recovery of dissolved compounds in the solid form by its crystallization from saturated solutions [32]. This approach is compelling because of its compactness, lesser metal consumption, and greater flexibility in the process operation, and it was already utilized for crystallization of inor- ganic salts [33,34] and organic compounds [35] using pressure-driven processes of solution concentration (reverse osmosis, nanofiltration) as well as evaporation processes (pervapo- ration, membrane distillation). The membrane distillation (MD) can be considered one of the effective approaches for the concentration of different kinds of brines with moderate or high salinity [36]. In this thermally-driven process, the membrane acts as a non-selective barrier that provides high fluxes of water vapors through the pores of the membrane and high selectivity since the saline water as the non-wetting liquid for hydrophobic membrane remains in the feed compartment [37,38]. In contrast to pervaporation, reverse osmosis or distillation processes, the membrane distillation can be effectively operated at the atmo- spheric pressure by utilizing low-grade heat sources [38–45]. A variety of MD processes can provide different configurations of hot (feed) and cold (permeate) streams, which are usually positioned within the membrane module on a distance no greater than few millimeters. Recently, a new construction of air gap MD module was proposed [43,45–47] and patented [48]; this concept allows the intensification of the membrane distillation process. The key engineering element of this construction is a porous condensing surface (porous condenser) for condensation of water (permeate) vapors, which allows to scale up the process to the industrial level, simplify the construction, reduce the dimensions, and use the membrane module with any spatial orientation without the loss of efficiency. Using the simulation software Simulink (MATLAB), a membrane distillation process with a porous condenser using solar energy collectors for desalination of seawater was modeled. Simulations had shown the advantage of using solar panels, which reduced energy costs up to 61% in the process of desalination of seawater [46]. Previously, the use of membrane crystallization together with membrane distillation with a porous condenser has not been investigated, not to mention the extraction of lithium from geothermal brines with high total salt content. In addition, it is of interest to carry out a full cycle of extraction of lithium from geothermal brines, from pre-preparation of geothermal brine to the production of commercial lithium chloride using promising processes such as membrane crystallization and membrane extraction. Before the implementation of the integrated technologies, the entire process should be modeled to check the feasibility of carrying out the proposed pro- cesses. Process simulation has become an established and widely used tool for performance calculation, design, and optimization of process parameters. Therefore, the goal of this work was to simulate the operation of the lithium recov- ery process from geothermal brines with the primary focus on the performance of the membrane distillation unit used for salt concentration. The process consisted of three different stages as shown in Figure 1: (i) removal of hardness ions from geothermal brine by leaching with sodium carbonate, (ii) concentration of a pre-treated solution by using air–gap membrane distillation equipped with membrane condenser (AGMD-MC), and (iii) membrane extraction of lithium ions. The composition of the model solution after sodium carbonate pre-treatment used as the feed for the stage of membrane distillation with crystallization was calculated with the PHREEQC program, and the performance of the last two stages was modeled using Simulink program. Simulink is an add-on to MATLAB and is a graphical programming environment for modeling the behavior of the system over time (dynamic modeling). Unlike classical programming languages and MATLAB itself, Simulink has a relatively low entry threshold because it does not require writing extensive program code; instead, graphic blocks are used to describe mathematical expressions [46].PDF Image | Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)