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Membranes 2021, 11, 175 4 of 20 Figure 1. Principal scheme of three-stage process for lithium recovery from geothermal brine. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Study of Air–Gap Membrane Distillation with Porous Condenser The laboratory set-up of membrane distillation with a porous condenser used for concentration of sodium chloride aqueous solution was described elsewhere in [43,45–47]. The feed solution with an initial concentration 10 wt.% of NaCl was circulated in the membrane distillation module at a temperature of 60 or 80 ◦C at a flow-rate of 0.012 m/s. The temperature of the coolant (distilled water) in the porous membrane condenser was kept at 20 ◦C (the flow-rate 0.3 L/min). The MD module with an active surface area of 146 cm2 was equipped with a commercial microfiltration membrane MFFK-1 (Vladipor Scientific and Technical Center, Vladimir, Russia); porous condenser with a thickness of 200 μm and porosity of 30% was made of sintered stainless steel (OOO VMZ-Techno, Moscow, Russia,). MFFK-1 (0.15 μm pore size, 85 % total porosity) consisted of a porous top-layer based on fluoroplastic F42L (a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride) and non-woven support with. The air gap between MFFK-1 and porous condenser was set at 3 mm. 2.2. Simulation of the Pretreatment Stage with PHREEQC The geothermal brine from the Udachnaya pipe (Sakha Republic, Russian Federation) with Li+ content of 0.14 g/L (see Table 1) was considered in this work. To prevent membrane scaling, calcium (11.2 g/L) and magnesium (65.5 g/L) ions were precipitated from the geothermal brine by the treatment with sodium carbonate. The composition of resulted solution upon addition of a different amount of sodium carbonate was calculated by the PHREEQC program with Pitzer database. PHREEQC codes used for conversion of the concentration from g/L to molality and for simulation of CaCO3 and MgCO3 precipitation by Na2CO3 are listed in Supplementary S1 and S2. 2.3. Simulation of Membrane Distillation/Crystalization and Lithium Extraction with Simulink/MATLAB The integrated operation of membrane distillation, salt crystallization, and lithium extraction processes were simulated with several subsystems in Simulink/MATLAB. The integrations and connections between different subsystems (units) are schematically repre-PDF Image | Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
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