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Membranes 2021, 11, 175 5 of 20 branes 2021, 11, 175 6 of 21 sented in Figure 2. The salt solution with a composition presented in Table 2 and having the density of 1210 kg/m3 was fed to “solution tank with the heating system” to be heated up to 60 ◦C, and this temperature was kept by the system within ±1 ◦C. The hot saline solution went to the “membrane distillation module” unit, where the part of the water was evaporated, and then part of the solution (~6 kg/h) was fed to the “crystallizer” unit, where the salt solution was cooled down to 20 ◦C and corresponded amount of salt (NaCl) was precipitated. The remained hot solution was recycled back from “membrane distillation module” to “solution tank with the heating system.” The “crystallizer” maintaining 90 kg of the solution was considered as black-box assuming that the excess of salts above the saturation concentration at 15 ◦C was precipitated. The crystallization time of 10 min was taken from the calculation of NaCl crystallization kinetics in [49,50]. The saline solution after the crystallizer was recycled back to the “solution tank with the heating system”. The main target of the operation of the “membrane distillation module” was to concentrate Li+ content to the required level sufficient for its effective recovery by membrane extraction such as 0.7 g/L [18,23,24]. The concentration factor (CF) of the initial saline solution of 5, 20, and 50 were studied, and once Li+ content reached the required level of 0.6, 2.3 or 6.0 g/kg, respectively, the part of the solution stream from the “crystallizer” was fed to “membrane extraction module”, where lithium ions were extracted (replaced by sodium ions) with the efficiency of 90%. Then, the remained solution was recycled back to the “solution tank with heating system” (see Figure 2). The additional simulations were also carried out with the efficiency of lithium extraction of 50 and 70%; in all cases, “membrane extraction module” was considered as black-box. The total amount of solution in the system was 140 kg, and the make-up flow of fresh salt solution with the composition listed in Table 2 to “solution tank with heating system” was set as about 0.2 kg/min and varied to maintain the mass-balance of major components with the respect of evaporated water and crystallized salts. Figure 2. The schematic flow-sheet diagram of the system. Figure 2. The schematic flow-sheet diagram of the system. As an example, Figure 3 shows Simulink code for the “membrane distillation Table 2. Composition of the fresh feed (make-up) solution taken for simulation. module” subsystem, which calculated the amount of solvent (water) evaporated + 2+ 2+ fromthesaltsolutionbasedonanumLbierofparameterNsa.COlthersubsysMtegms/Caarepre- H2O sented in the supplementary materials (Figures S1–S11). The amount of water m Molality, evaporated fromols/aklginweastoerlution in time [kg/min] can be described as follows: 0.01∙146∙ ∙ ∙ 126/.64 0 3·10 Concentration, wt. % −5 0.0227 6.129 10−5 55.51 (1) 73.59 where J(Tf) is the polynomial equation that defines the flux of distilled water as a function of the feed temperature; Tf is the feed temperature [°C]; S is the active sur- face area of one membrane module [m2]; K is the number of membrane modules, Z(t) is the parameter describing the deterioration of membrane performance in time due to scaling/fouling. During the modeling, the temperature of the solution was varied to about 60 °C, but the temperature of the coolant/permeate was kept con- mPDF Image | Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)