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Processes 2019, 7, 248 10 of 16 Table 4. The coefficients of determination R2 for different growth mechanisms of Li2CO3 under different temperatures. T (K) R2 F1 F2 F3 F4 318.15 0.9530 323.15 0.9843 328.15 0.9768 333.15 0.9674 Ave.R2 0.9704 0.9505 0.9539 0.9877 0.9843 0.9785 0.9771 0.9699 0.9677 0.9717 0.9708 0.9949 0.9977 0.9918 0.9920 0.9941 It can be seen from Figure 5 and Table 4 that the F4 mechanism correlates the induction time and supersaturation data well at different temperatures using a quadratic polynomial. The coefficients of determination R2 are above 0.99 and the fitting accuracy is high. Hence, it can be concluded that the growth mode of Li2CO3 crystals under our experimental conditions is a 2D nucleation-mediated growth mechanism. 3.2. Multi-response Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology 3.2.1. Central Composite Design and Crystallization Outcomes Based on single factor tests, a CCD of an RSM was employed to investigate the effects of four variables—temperature (A), feeding rate (B), concentration (C), and stirring speed (D)—on the yield (Y1) and particle size (Y2) of the Li2CO3 product. The experimental factors were coded at five levels (−2, −1, 0, 1, 2), and temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ◦C), feeding rate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mL/min), concentration (1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5 mol/L) and stirring speed (200, 300, 400, 500, 600 rpm) were investigated (Table 5). This design was composed of 30 tested points, including six replications of the zero points. The response results are shown in Table 6. Level Table 5. Levels and codes of central composite design. Factor Temperature Feeding Rate Concentration ◦ C mL/min mol/L Stirring Speed rpm −2 30 1 1.5 200 −1 40 2 1.75 300 0 50 3 2 400 1 60 4 2.25 500 2 70 5 2.5 600 Table 6. Central composite design and experimental results. Run Feeding Rate Temperature ◦C mL/min Concentration Stirring Speed Yield mol/L rpm % 1.75 500.00 71.50 2.00 400.00 88.59 1.75 300.00 77.78 2.25 500.00 83.72 2.00 400.00 73.54 2.25 300.00 88.24 2.00 400.00 88.46 2.00 200.00 86.31 1.50 400.00 79.52 2.25 300.00 89.89 D [4,3] μm 107.00 101.00 138.00 94.50 109.00 108.00 82.00 180.00 130.00 126.00 1 40.00 2 50.00 3 60.00 4 40.00 5 30.00 6 40.00 7 70.00 8 50.00 9 50.00 10 60.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00PDF Image | Reactive Crystallization Process of Lithium Carbonate
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