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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Article Figure 5. Lithium concentration over time at 50 °C (dashed lines with circle symbols) and 80 °C (dotted lines with square symbols): (a) in pure LiCl (I = 0.70 M) solution and in 0.70 M LiCl solutions adding (b) 1.5 M KCl (I = 2.20 M), (c) 2.0 M NaCl (I = 2.70 M), and (d) 2.0 M NaCl and 1.5 M KCl (I = 4.20 M). Stirring speed = 300 rpm, CO32−/Li+ ratio = 1, and Na2CO3 solution flow rate = 10 mL/min. Figure 6. Recovery and purity of Li2CO3(s) as a function of ionic strength for Li2CO3 precipitation experiments performed with and without the presence of Na+ and K+ ions in solution. As already commented, the salting-out effect leads to a higher reaction yield, with a Li+ recovery increase passing from values around 55 and 65%, for pure LiCl solution, to 72 and 77% (at 50 and 80 °C, respectively), in the case of simultaneous dissolution of Na+ and K+ ions. Purity of solids obtained in the two extreme cases was analyzed, showing a significant drop from ∼95 to ∼80%, due to the presence of Na+ and K+ salts in the liquor entrapped in the crystals and on the surface of the crystals, which precipitate during the drying process. However, Li2CO3(s) purities can be enhanced up to 100% via solid washing with ethanol, causing, on the other hand, a loss of product, resulting in an equivalent reduction of Li recovery from 77 to 57% at 80 °C. 3.1.3. Influence of Divalent Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+. The influence of dissolved divalent cations, that is, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ ions, in LiCl solutions on the Li2CO3(s) precipitation process was studied. Such ions can form poorly soluble compounds in basic CO32−-containing solutions. 0.70 M LiCl solutions were prepared also by dissolving 2.0 M NaCl and 1.5 M KCl to increase solution ionic strength. Also, 0.17 M CaCl2, 0.25 M MgCl2, and 0.17 M SrCl2 salts were added simultaneously and once at time. Details for all the investigated cases are reported in Table S4 in the Supporting Information. Note that all salt concentrations refer to the feed before the addition of Na2CO3 solution. All precipitation tests were carried out at 50 °C with a stirring velocity of 300 rpm and a double excess of a 2.0 M Na2CO3 solution (CO32−/Li+ ratio of 1), fed at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. Figure 7 shows Li+ concentration, after the complete addition of Na2CO3 solutions, over time for the cases reported in Table S4. From Figure 7, in the presence of Ca2+ and Sr2+ single salts, a final 37% higher lithium concentration, ∼1500 mg/L, is attained with respect to that in the case of no divalent ion addition. An even higher Li+ concentration, that is, ∼2000 mg/ L (which means much lower recovery, ∼45%), is measured in the presence of Mg2+ salt. This can be attributed to the different influences of divalent ions on the Li2CO3 solubility. Ma et al.31 reported a Li2CO3 solubility decrease in the presence of dissolved Mg2+ ions, although to a lesser extent with respect to monovalent ion cases. Therefore, it can be expected that also Ca2+ and Sr2+ reduce Li2CO3 solubility, thus inducing a decrease in the final Li+ concentration in the solution. The higher final Li+ concentration in the Mg2+ case, however, can be attributed to the greater initial Mg2+ concentration and a possible superior influence of Ca2+ and Sr2+ on Li2CO3 solubility. In all cases, it must stress that, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+ carbonate compounds have a low solubility that likely causes a CO32− consumption. This is also confirmed by results presented by King et al.32 that detected traces of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in Li2CO3 compounds precipitated from Li solutions containing 0.033 M Ca2+ and Mg2+. The simultaneous presence of the three interfering cations (Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+) inhibits Li2CO3 precipitation, most likely due https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01397 13594 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022, 61, 13589−13602PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium Carbonate from Dilute Li Rich Brine
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)