PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 003
Energies 2021, 14, 6805 3 of 72 applications are lithium–aluminum alloys containing 1–3 weight % of lithium. Lithium– Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 74 aluminum alloys are reported to generate weight savings of 5%, increased stiffness up to 7%, and increased strength of up to 30% relative to non-lithium-containing aluminum alloys [5]. Due to this variety of uses, lithium is on the list of critical materials necessary for for the economy and security of the United States and was the focus of recent executive the economy and security of the United States and was the focus of recent executive orders orders relating to critical minerals and relevant supply chains [6,7,8]. relating to critical minerals and relevant supply chains [6–8]. Lithium has a low density of 0.53 g/cm3, an ionic charge of +1, and an ionic radius of Lithium has a low density of 0.53 g/cm3, an ionic charge of +1, and an ionic radius 0.79 angstrom (Å). For comparison, sodium has an ionic charge of +1 but a larger ionic of 0.79 angstrom (Å). For comparison, sodium has an ionic charge of +1 but a larger ionic radius of 0.99 Å, and magnesium has an ionic charge of +2 and a smaller ionic radius of radius of 0.99 Å, and magnesium has an ionic charge of +2 and a smaller ionic radius of 0.72 Å [9]. Lithium is a lithophilic element (i.e., an element that forms silicates or oxides 0.72 Å [9]. Lithium is a lithophilic element (i.e., an element that forms silicates or oxides and and is associated with the Earth's crust) that concentrates in hydrothermal fluids and is associated with the Earth’s crust) that concentrates in hydrothermal fluids and therefore therefore can be found concentrated in areas subject to volcanic influences (Figure 1) [9]. can be found concentrated in areas subject to volcanic influences (Figure 1) [9]. In solution, In solution, lithium occurs as soluble, positively charged lith+ium ions (Li+). lithium occurs as soluble, positively charged lithium ions (Li ). Figure 1. Summary diagramoffttheeggeeoolologgicicaal,l,ggeeoochcheemmiciaclalananddhhydydrorlolgoigciaclaflefaetautruerseosfolfitlhitihuimumbrbinrein[e9][.9L].itLhiituhmiumcancabne found concentrated in areas subject to volcanic influences. Reproduced with permission of the Society of Economic be found concentrated in areas subject to volcanic influences. Reproduced with permission of the Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Munk et al. (2016) Chapter 14: Lithium brines: A global perspective, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 18, Geologists, Inc. Munk et al. (2016) Chapter 14: Lithium brines: A global perspective, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 18, 339–365. 339–365. 1.1. LithiiumReesosuorucrecses Lithium iissfofouunnddininthrteheremeaminatinypetyspoefsdoefpodsietps:ossiatsl:inesasliunbesusrufabcseurwfaacteersw(actoenrs- t(icnoenntitnaelnbtrailnbersi)n,ehsy),dhryodthroerthmearlmlyalalyltearletedrecdlacylasy(se(sdeidmimenetnatrayryddepeposoistist)s,),aannddpegmatites (crystalline haarrdrorockck).).LiLthitihuimum-b-ebaerairnigngmminienrearlsalasrearmeaminalyinplyhopshpohsaptehsaatensdacnodmcpolemxpalleux- maluinmosiniloicsailtiecsat[e1s0].[C1o0m].mCeorcmiamllyericmiaplloyrtainmtlpitohrituamnt-beliathriinugmm-bineaerianlsginmcluinderasplsodiunmcleunde, lepidolite, petalite, and amblygonite [10,11]. World lithium reserves are estimated to be spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, and amblygonite [10,11]. World lithium reserves are 21 million metric tons of lithium and the world lithium resource base is estimated to estimated to be 21 million metric tons of lithium and the world lithium resource base is be 86 million metric tons of lithium [12]. The US lithium resource base is estimated at estimated to be 86 million metric tons of lithium [12]. The US lithium resource base is 7.9 million metric tons of lithium, which includes lithium in continental brines (including estimated at 7.9 million metric tons of lithium, which includes lithium in continental geothermal brines), sedimentary deposits, and pegmatites [12]. New resource estimates for brines (including geothermal brines), sedimentary deposits, and pegmatites [12]. New Thacker Pass (potentially 22.4 million metric tons) suggest that lithium resources in the US resource estimates for Thacker Pass (potentially 22.4 million metric tons) suggest that may be higher than current USGS estimates [13]. lithium resources in the US may be higher than current USGS estimates [13]. The primary commercial sources of lithium are hard rock deposits in Australia and China, and brine deposits in Argentina, Chile, and China [12,14]. These countries account for the majority of lithium production worldwide [14]. Brine deposits account for between 50 and 75 percent of the world’s lithium production (Figures 2 and 3) [4,9,10,15,16]. MajorPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
PDF Search Title:
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal BrinesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-06805-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)