Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 6 of 72 In 2019 and 2020, world production of lithium was approximately 86,000 and 82,000 met- Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 74 ric tons, which was approximately 10% less than in 2018, demonstrating that year-to-year production can fluctuate significantly, even as demand increases steadily [12,14]. The only current lithium production in the United States is reported to be from a brine operation In 2019 and 2020, world production of lithium was approximately 86,000 and 82,000 in Nevada [14]. The Silver Peak, NV, lithium brine operation produced approximately metric tons, which was approximately 10% less than in 2018, demonstrating that year-to- 2200 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2020, representing approximately year production can fluctuate significantly, even as demand increases steadily [12,14]. The 4o1n0lymceutrriecntolnitshoiufmlitphrioudmucotiroanpipnrothxeimUantieteldy2S0ta%tesofisanrenpuoarltedomtoebseticfrcoomnsaubmripnteion[12,14,18]. operation in Nevada [14]. The Silver Peak, NV, lithium brine operation produced Lithium carbonate is a key ingredient in many lithium batteries that is traded in markets, approximately 2200 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2020, so LCE is a common unit of measure for lithium production, especially in industry and representing approximately 410 metric tons of lithium or approximately 20% of annual economic analysis. domestic consumption [12,14,18]. Lithium carbonate is a key ingredient in many lithium batteries that is traded in markets, so LCE is a common unit of measure for lithium 1.2. Lithium Demand Is Expected to Grow production, especially in industry and economic analysis. Between 1975 and 2005, world lithium production increased by approximately 5- 1.2. Lithium Demand Is Expected to Grow fold [4]. Average lithium demand rose by 6% annually between 2000 and 2008, driven byneBetdwseien1b9o7t5hanthde20b0a5t,tweroyrldanlitdhiaulmumpriondumctioanpipnclirceasteiodnbsy[a2p]p.rToxhimeainteclyre5a-fsoeld demandfor [4]. Average lithium demand rose by 6% annually between 2000 and 2008, driven by needs lithium is driven by two types of battery uses: (1) the rapidly growing production of electric in both the battery and aluminum applications [2]. The increased demand for lithium is vehicles—many countries will require a switch to an all-electric vehicle fleet within the driven by two types of battery uses: (1) the rapidly growing production of electric next 10–20 years, and (2) the increased demand for battery energy storage to offset the vehicles—many countries will require a switch to an all-electric vehicle fleet within the intermittent nature of important renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind [19,20]. next 10–20 years, and (2) the increased demand for battery energy storage to offset the A 2020 World Bank study (Figure 5) predicted that increased demand will result in an intermittent nature of important renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind [19,20]. iAnc2r0e2a0seWionrldlitBhainukmstupdryod(Fuigcutiroen5)fproremdic4te4d7tthhaotuinscarenadsedtodnesmLanCdEwinill2re0s1u8lttionaonver2million increase in lithium production from 447 thousand tons LCE in 2018 to over 2 million tons tons LCE in 2050, representing an increase of 488% [20]. One key uncertainty is how LCE in 2050, representing an increase of 488% [20]. One key uncertainty is how new new innovations in battery technology will affect the demand for lithium, particularly the innovations in battery technology will affect the demand for lithium, particularly the impact on lithium demand beyond 2030 [20]. impact on lithium demand beyond 2030 [20]. Figure 5. Predicted increase in worldwide demand for lithium and other battery materials due to growth of the EV and battery storage markets [20]. It is estimated that lithium demand in 2050 will be over 2 million tons LCE [20]. Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0 IGO).

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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine

ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.

Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system.

Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications.

We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery.

One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power.

In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).

Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).

We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.

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