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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 11 of 72 trations (20–30 mg/kg), but the other geothermal fields included in that study had less than 0.5 mg/kg lithium [25,43]. Lithium resources in geothermal fields were estimated by multiplying the average concentrations of lithium in produced fluids by the areal extent of production wells and assuming a reservoir thickness of 1 km, and a porosity of 15% [43]. Using this method, the Roosevelt field was calculated to have a lithium inventory of 7 thou- sand tons (37 kilotons lithium carbonate equivalent) [43]. Note that this estimate assumes that all lithium contained within the reservoir could be produced and extracted. 1.6. Lithium in Geothermal Brines Outside of the US The abundance and resource potential of lithium in geothermal brines is also under investigation in other regions of the world (e.g., [45]). Millot et al. [46] conducted an extensive review of the lithium concentrations of brines associated with geothermal systems throughout Europe. They identified six systems with lithium concentrations greater than 90 ppm (Figure 8). Lithium demand is expected to be high in Europe, especially in the face of EU greenhouse gas emission targets, and several projects are underway to characterize and develop geothermal lithium sources in Europe, especially in France and Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 74 Germany [45,47–50]. Resource assessments of lithium in geothermal brines and studies of direct lithium extraction technologies are also ongoing in Japan and New Zealand [51–54]. Figure 8. Distribution and abundance of Li in geothermal brines in Europe [46,48]. Significant geothermal lithium Figure 8. Distribution and abundance of Li in geothermal brines in Europe [46,48]. Significant geothermal lithium resources resources have been identified in Europe. Reproduced with the permission of the authors. have been identified in Europe. Reproduced with the permission of the authors. 1.7. Current Practices for Lithium Extraction from Brine: Evaporative Concentration Under current practices, lithium chloride (LiCl) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) are produced from brines by evaporative concentration followed by further refining [4,5,55,56]. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH∙H2O) is typically produced from refined lithium carbonate. Lithium-containing brine deposits occur as groundwater under ancient endorheic lake beds (salt-pans or salt-flats or salars) and are commonly referred to asPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |