Advances in Clean Fuel Ethanol Production from CO2 Reduction

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Catalysts 2020, 10, 1287 21 of 25 16. Tang, Q.; Lee, Y.; Li, D.Y.; Choi, W.; Liu, C.W.; Lee, D.; Jiang, D. Lattice-Hydride Mechanism in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Structurally Precise Copper-Hydride Nanoclusters. J. Am Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 9728–9736. [CrossRef] 17. Kondratenko, E.V.; Mul, G.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Larrazábal, G.O.; Pérez-Ramírez, J. Status and perspectives of CO2 conversion into fuels and chemicals by catalytic, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3112. [CrossRef] 18. Zhu, D.D.; Liu, J.L.; Qiao, S.Z. Recent Advances in Inorganic Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3423–3452. [CrossRef] 19. Lim, R.J.; Xie, M.; Sk, M.A.; Lee, J.-M.; Fisher, A.; Wang, X.; Lim, K.H. A review on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in fuel cells, metal electrodes and molecular catalysts. Catal. Today 2014, 233, 169–180. [CrossRef] 20. Yang, K.D.; Ha, Y.; Sim, U.; An, J.; Lee, C.W.; Jin, K.; Kim, Y.; Park, J.; Hong, J.S.; Lee, J.H.; et al. Graphene Quantum Sheet Catalyzed Silicon Photocathode for Selective CO2 Conversion to CO. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 233–242. [CrossRef] 21. Schneider, J.; Jia, H.; Muckerman, J.T.; Fujita, E. Thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2, CO, and H+ binding to the metal centre of CO2 reduction catalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2036–2051. [CrossRef] 22. Benson, E.E.; Kubiak, C.P.; Sathrum, A.J.; Smieja, J.M. Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 89–99. [CrossRef] 23. Burdyny, T.; Smith, W.A. CO2 reduction on gas-diffusion electrodes and why catalytic performance must be assessed at commercially-relevant conditions. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1442–1453. [CrossRef] 24. Chen, C.; Khosrowabadi Kotyk, J.F.; Sheehan, S.W. Progress toward Commercial Application of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction. Chem 2018, 4, 2571–2586. [CrossRef] 25. Zhang, J.; Luo, W.; Züttel, A. Self-supported copper-based gas diffusion electrodes for CO2 electrochemical reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 26285–26292. [CrossRef] 26. Mao, J.; Li, K.; Peng, T. Recent advances in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction over semiconductors. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2013, 3, 2481–2498. [CrossRef] 27. Li, K.; An, X.; Park, K.H.; Khraisheh, M.; Tang, J. A critical review of CO2 photoconversion: Catalysts and reactors. Catal. Today 2014, 224, 3–12. [CrossRef] 28. Das, S.; Wan Daud, W.M.A. A review on advances in photocatalysts towards CO2 conversion. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 20856. [CrossRef] 29. Corma, A.; Garcia, H. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 for fuel production: Possibilities and challenges. J. Catal. 2013, 308, 168–175. [CrossRef] 30. Van Gerven, T.; Mul, G.; Moulijn, J.; Stankiewicz, A. A review of intensification of photocatalytic processes. Chem. Eng. Process. 2007, 46, 781–789. [CrossRef] 31. Tahir, M.; Amin, N.S. Advances in visible light responsive titanium oxide-based photocatalysts for CO2 conversion to hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Convers. Manag. 2013, 76, 194–214. [CrossRef] 32. Chang, X.; Wang, T.; Gong, J. CO2 photo-reduction: Insights into CO2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2177–2196. [CrossRef] 33. Ran, J.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S.Z. Cocatalysts in semiconductor-based photocatalytic CO2 reduction: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704649. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 34. Barton, E.E.; Rampulla, D.M.; Bocarsly, A.B. Selective solar-driven reduction of CO2 to methanol using a catalyzed p-GaP based photoelectrochemical cell. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6342–6344. [CrossRef] 35. Ba, X.; Yan, L.-L.; Huang, S.; Yu, J.; Xia, X.-J.; Yu, Y. New Way for CO2 Reduction under Visible Light by a Combination of a Cu Electrode and Semiconductor Thin Film: Cu2O Conduction Type and Morphology Effect. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24467–24478. [CrossRef] 36. Arai, T.; Sato, S.; Kajino, T.; Morikawa, T. Solar CO2 reduction using H2O by a semiconductor/metal-complex hybrid photocatalyst: Enhanced efficiency and demonstration of a wireless system using SrTiO3 photoanodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1274–1282. [CrossRef] 37. Ganesh, I. Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol–a potential liquid fuel: Fundamental challenges and opportunities (a review). Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 31, 221–257. [CrossRef] 38. Indrakanti, V.P.; Kubicki, J.D.; Schobert, H.H. Photoinduced activation of CO2 on Ti-based heterogeneous catalysts: Current state, chemical physics-based insights and outlook. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 745–758. [CrossRef]

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