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Advances in Clean Fuel Ethanol Production from CO2 Reduction

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Catalysts 2020, 10, 1287 22 of 25 39. Indrakanti, V.P.; Schobert, H.H.; Kubicki, J.D. Quantum Mechanical Modeling of CO2 Interactions with Irradiated Stoichiometric and Oxygen-Deficient Anatase TiO2 Surfaces: Implications for the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Energy Fuels 2009, 23, 5247–5256. [CrossRef] 40. Kortlever, R.; Shen, J.; Schouten, K.J.P.; Calle-Vallejo, F.; Koper, M.T.M. Catalysts and Reaction Pathways for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 4073–4082. [CrossRef] 41. Song, Y.; Peng, R.; Hensley, D.K.; Bonnesen, P.V.; Liang, L.; Wu, Z.; Meyer, H.M.; Chi, M.; Ma, C.; Sumpter, B.G.; et al. High-Selectivity Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol using a Copper Nanoparticle/N-Doped Graphene Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2016, 1, 6055–6061. [CrossRef] 42. Peterson, A.A.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Studt, F.; Rossmeisl, J.; Norskov, J.K. How copper catalyzes the electroreduction of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 1311–1315. [CrossRef] 43. Calle-Vallejo, F.; Koper, M.T. Theoretical considerations on the electroreduction of CO to C2 species on Cu(100) electrodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7282–7285. [CrossRef] 44. Ren, D.; Ang, B.S.-H.; Yeo, B.S. Tuning the Selectivity of Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction toward Ethanol on Oxide-Derived CuxZn Catalysts. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 8239–8247. [CrossRef] 45. Ren, D.; Deng, Y.; Handoko, A.D.; Chen, C.S.; Malkhandi, S.; Yeo, B.S. Selective Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene and Ethanol on Copper(I) Oxide Catalysts. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 2814–2821. [CrossRef] 46. Yin, Z.; Yu, C.; Zhao, Z.; Guo, X.; Shen, M.; Li, N.; Muzzio, M.; Li, J.; Liu, H.; Lin, H.; et al. Cu3N Nanocubes for Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Ethylene. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 8658–8663. [CrossRef] 47. De Brito, J.F.; Araujo, A.R.; Rajeshwar, K.; Zanoni, M.V.B. Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 on Cu/Cu2O films: Product distribution and pH effects. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 264, 302–309. [CrossRef] 48. Teeter, T.E.; Van Rysselberghe, P. Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Mercury Cathodes. J. Chem. Phys. 1954, 22, 759–760. [CrossRef] 49. Zhang, S.; Fan, Q.; Xia, R.; Meyer, T.J. CO2 reduction: From homogeneous to heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2020, 53, 255–264. [CrossRef] 50. Nitopi, S.; Bertheussen, E.; Scott, S.B.; Liu, X.; Engstfeld, A.K.; Horch, S.; Seger, B.; Stephens, I.E.L.; Chan, K.; Hahn, C.; et al. Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte. Chem. Rev. 2019. [CrossRef] 51. Popovic, S.; Smiljanic, M.; Jovanovic, P.; Vavra, J.; Buonsanti, R.; Hodnik, N. Stability and degradation mechanisms of copper-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020. [CrossRef] 52. Ma, M.; Djanashvili, K.; Smith, W.A. Controllable Hydrocarbon Formation from the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 over Cu Nanowire Arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 6680–6684. [CrossRef] 53. Lv, J.J.; Jouny, M.; Luc, W.; Zhu, W.; Zhu, J.J.; Jiao, F. A Highly Porous Copper Electrocatalyst for Carbon Dioxide Reduction. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1803111. [CrossRef] 54. Lum, Y.; Yue, B.; Lobaccaro, P.; Bell, A.T.; Ager, J.W. Optimizing C–C Coupling on Oxide-Derived Copper Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 14191–14203. [CrossRef] 55. DeLuna,P.;Quintero-Bermudez,R.;Dinh,C.-T.;Ross,M.B.;Bushuyev,O.S.;Todorovic ́,P.;Regier,T.; Kelley, S.O.; Yang, P.; Sargent, E.H. Catalyst electro-redeposition controls morphology and oxidation state for selective carbon dioxide reduction. Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 103–110. [CrossRef] 56. Loiudice, A.; Lobaccaro, P.; Kamali, E.A.; Thao, T.; Huang, B.H.; Ager, J.W.; Buonsanti, R. Tailoring Copper Nanocrystals towards C2 Products in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5789–5792. [CrossRef] 57. Jiang, K.; Sandberg, R.B.; Akey, A.J.; Liu, X.; Bell, D.C.; Nørskov, J.K.; Chan, K.; Wang, H. Metal ion cycling of Cu foil for selective C–C coupling in electrochemical CO2 reduction. Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 111–119. [CrossRef] 58. Chen, Z.; Wang, T.; Liu, B.; Cheng, D.; Hu, C.; Zhang, G.; Zhu, W.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Z.J.; Gong, J. Grain-Boundary-Rich Copper for Efficient Solar-Driven Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Ethylene and Ethanol. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2020, 142, 6878–6883. [CrossRef] 59. Zhu, Q.; Sun, X.; Yang, D.; Ma, J.; Kang, X.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, J.; Wu, Z.; Han, B. Carbon dioxide electroreduction to C2 products over copper-cuprous oxide derived from electrosynthesized copper complex. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3851. [CrossRef]

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