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2 Alternative Sources of Energy—An Introduction to Fuel Cells electrons electrons oxygen 2H2 4H+ + 4e- H+ H+ hydrogen ions H+ H+ H+ H+ O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2 O hydrogen water and heat anode (-) catalyst electrolyte catalyst cathode (+) Figure 1. A schema for a typical fuel cell wherein the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the catalysts are platinum. Hydrogen molecules when added to the anode and a catalyst lose their electrons, which travel through an external circuit from the anode to the cathode, activating electrical devices enroute. Hydrogen ions formed at the anode and a catalyst move through the electrolyte to the cathode and another catalyst where they combine with the electrons and oxygen to produce water and heat. recently developed for powering automobiles have an esti- mated life span of decades (Baum, 2002). Fuel cells can be modular and scaleable; many joined together are called a fuel- cell stack. These characteristics allow the gradual addition of electrical capacity in response to increases in demand, as well as flexibility in the selection of sizes and locations for new stationary power plants. If stationary power plants are built at sites of electrical need, less of the electricity generated is lost during transmission and distribution (Geyer, 2000). Presently, the main planned uses of fuel cells are for the production of electricity at stationary power plants and to supply electricity for motors that move buses, trucks, and cars. Other con- templated applications include power for dwellings, trains, motorcycles, snowmobiles, watercraft, aircraft, and assorted electronic equipment (Jacobson, 1999). Hydrogen for fuel cells that power vehicles is derived from external sources and thereafter placed in onboard storage systems or is provided by an onboard “fuel reformer” that extracts hydrogen from accompanying supplies of methanol, gasoline, or other substances (Geyer, 2000). Pure hydrogen for the storage systems can be obtained from alcohols, naphtha, benzene, methane, propane, gasoline, and diesel fuel. Hydro- gen is released when hydrocarbon-bearing materials in the presence of catalysts are subjected to pressurized steam (gas- ification) (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999, 2002). It can also be obtained from water by electrolysis, where the electricity could be supplied by hydroelectric generators, wind turbines, solar cells, or other producers of power. Hydrogen can also be generated by photoelectrochemical and photobiological proce- dures (U.S. Department of Energy, 2002). In a few commercial fuel cells, gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide are extracted from fossil fuels or biomass and used instead of pure hydrogen (Baird and Hayhoe, 1993). When converting the chemical energy in hydrogen- rich materials into electricity, efficiencies are as much as 80 percent for fuel cells and a maximum of only 40 percent forPDF Image | An Introduction to Fuel Cells
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