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4 Alternative Sources of Energy—An Introduction to Fuel Cells Table 1. Types of fuel cells—their components and characteristics. Type of fuel cell Electrode composition Electrolyte composition Operating temperature Fuel Elecrical output Portability of fuel cell Potential problems Potential uses Phosphoric acid Platinum on carbon paper Phosphoric acid 150–200°C 150–200°C Hydrogen Hydrogen As much as 200 kilowatts Not portable Portable Too heavy for many uses Stationary installations Vehicles Alkaline solution Insufficient information Alkaline solution— potassium hydroxide in water 300 watts to 5 kilowatts Containers of liquids can leak Molten carbonate Anode: nickel- chromium. Cathode: nickel oxide (lithium doped) Molten carbonate salt— sodium, potassium, lithium, or magnesium carbonate About 650°C Methane As much as 2 megawatts Not portable Too heavy for many uses; salts are highly corrosive Stationary installations—power stations and industrial uses Solid metal oxide Anode: nickel zirconia. Cathode: lanthanum Solid metal oxide— calcium or zirconium oxide Nearly 1,000°C Methane As much as 100 kilowatts Not portable Too heavy for many uses; leakage and sealing pro- blems Stationary installations—power stations and industrial uses PEM (proton- exchange membrane) Unknown Solid, fluorocarbon– polymer film (a thin, flexible, permeable sheet) About 80°C Hydrogen Unknown Portable Unknown Homes and vehicles Direct methanol Unknown Unknown Polymer membrane 50–100°C Unknown Methanol Hydrogen Unknown Unknown Portable Portable Unknown Unknown Vehicles Vehicles Reversible— unitized PEM (proton-exchange membrane) in water regenerative manganatePDF Image | An Introduction to Fuel Cells
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