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6 Alternative Sources of Energy—An Introduction to Fuel Cells to ensure that the technology” will penetrate the relevant markets. If hydrogen is essential for fuel cells, which of the potential materials will be used as sources and how will the gas be extracted? For the large-scale production of hydrogen, the currently cheapest method is “steam reforming of natu- ral gas, which produces significant emissions of greenhouse gases” (Steele and Heinzel, 2001). Additionally, using present technology, more energy is required to extract hydrogen from natural gas and other fuels than can be obtained from the hydrogen (Baum, 2002). Another technical challenge in obtaining electricity from fuel cells, according to Beardsley (1996), is the high cost of their manufacture. David Brown (2002) reported that “fuel cells are relatively expensive to manufacture and operate, in relation to their output.” In a column in a financial magazine, Jerry Flint (2002) stated that hydrogen fuel cell engines would function for vehicles but are not currently available by means of mass-production technology. Consequently, those engines will be too costly for powering cars during the next twenty or more years. However, in a description of an automobile powered by fuel cells that was recently developed by a major corporation, Baum (2002) indicated that the cost of manu- facturing this new vehicle will be much less than the cost of building a new traditional car. Baum (2002) also proposed that this unconventional new automobile would be ready for mass production in about the year 2010. Conclusion Fuel cells could be a major and necessary source of energy within a decade. They have great potential as the basic elements of large and small stationary power plants and as the source of electricity for vehicles and smaller devices. Their size and shape are flexible and adaptable. They are modular, have no moving parts, operate without combustion, are com- paratively efficient and reliable, are nearly silent, generally do not pollute the environment, and are quite safe. The byprod- ucts of the operation of fuel cells using pure hydrogen are only water and heat. Hydrogen for most of the cell systems can be extracted from many hydrogen-bearing materials by gasifi- cation and other procedures and from water by electrolysis. A fuel cell installation in Groton, Conn., consumes methane from a nearby landfill to produce electricity and heat. Nev- ertheless, preparing the infrastructures required for extract- ing, storing, and distributing hydrogen for use in many of the vehicles in the U.S.A. will be a major achievement. Stationary power plants based on fuel cells are now feasible and are economically and environmentally appeal- ing. As a source of power for transportation, fuel cell systems have been improved recently by means of intensive develop- ment and probably will soon be used in the larger vehicles. The systems for vehicles might include fuel reformers for extracting hydrogen, first from gasoline and later perhaps from natural gas, propane, or alcohols. Eventually, when pure hydrogen is widely available, fuel reformers will be unneces- sary. The electrical requirements of many small mechanisms could be satisfied by micro fuel cells which presently are being developed. In recent years, scientists and engineers have been devising and refining technologies relevant to fuel cells and have suggested new applications. They have proposed a variety of materials for use as electrodes, catalysts, electrolyes, and fuel. References Baird, Stuart, and Hayhoe, Douglas, 1993, Fuel cells: Energy educators of Ontario, Energy fact sheet, http: //www.iclei.org/efacts/fuelcell.htm Baum, Dan, 2002, Object in mirror may be closer than it appears: WIRED, August, 2002, p. 100–107. Beardsley, Tim, 1996, Beyond batteries: Scientific Ameri- can, Explorations, http://www.sciam.com/explorations/ 122396explorations.html Bellona Foundation, 2000, The future’s energy solutions: Fact sheet, http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/hydrogen/ 11576.html Brown, David, 2002, If fuel cells are the future...the future isn’t here—yet: AAPG Explorer, March 2002, p. 6, 8, and 12. Electro-Chem-Technic, 2001, Fuel Cells: http:// www.ectechnic.co.UK/FCS.HTML Flint, Jerry, 2002, Hydrogen bomb: Forbes, March 4, 2002, p. 100. Fuel cell investors portal, 2002, Hydrogen storage and safety: http://www.loonycat.com/fc_tech.htm Geyer, B. K., 2000, Developments in fuel cell technology: Breakthrough Technologies Institute, Fuel Cells 2000, http://www.sustdev.org/journals/edition.01/download/ 01.103.pdf Hill, Michael, 2002, Companies work on micro fuel cell: Associated Press, Rocky Mountain News, released Sept. 21, 2002. International Fuel Cells, A United Technologies Company, 2000a, How does a fuel cell work?: http://www.interna- tionationalfuelcells.com/fuelcell/how_fl.shtml International Fuel Cells, A United Technologies Company, 2000b, Nation’s largest commercial fuel cell system dedi- cated in Anchorage today: Press release. http://www.interna- tionalfuelcells.com/news/archive/080900.shtmlPDF Image | An Introduction to Fuel Cells
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