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Energies 2020, 13, 5198 6 of 11 operate the cell with higher methanol concentrations, 7 M, without a significant loss of performance, when using carbon cloth with a dual-layer structure, CC_MPL and CC_MPL_E. The MPL favors the fuel distribution on the catalyst surface increasing the anode electrochemical rate and therefore, Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 12 decreasing the anode overpotential (RA). Additionally, as more methanol reacts on the anode side, less methanol crosses the membrane towards the cathode side, decreasing the methanol crossover rate MPL favors the fuel distribution on the catalyst surface increasing the anode electrochemical rate and and consequently, the cathode activation losses due to methanol crossover (R ), as can be seen therefore, decreasing the anode overpotential (RA). Additionally, as more methCarnoosslorvearcts on the inTablea2n.oTdheissidael,sloeslseamdesthtaonaolrcerdousscetsiothneomfetmhebrcaantehtodweaardcstitvhaetcioatnholodsesseisde(R,de)c,rseiansicnegtthecmaeththoadneolcatalyst C crossover rate and consequently, the cathode activation losses due to methanol crossover (RCrossover), poisoning by the undesired methanol oxidation reaction is less severe, leading to more available active as can be seen in Table 2. This also leads to a reduction of the cathode activation losses (RC), since the sites for the oxygen reduction reaction. Regarding the carbon cloths with a single structure tested, cathode catalyst poisoning by the undesired methanol oxidation reaction is less severe, leading to for lower methanol concentrations (1 and 2 M), better performances were achieved with the carbon more available active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction. Regarding the carbon cloths with a cloth with the lower thickness (CC), which showed lower RCrossover values (Table 2). However, with an single structure tested, for lower methanol concentrations (1 and 2 M), better performances were increase of the methanol concentration, the performance increases when a carbon cloth with a higher achieved with the carbon cloth with the lower thickness (CC), which showed lower RCrossover values thicknes(Tsa(bCleC2_)T. H) owwaesvuers,ewditahsaAn iDncLre. ase of the methanol concentration, the performance increases when a carbon cloth with a higher thickness (CC_T) was used as ADL. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 a) 0 5 10 15 Current density (mA/cm2) CC CC_T CC_MPL CC_MPL_E 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 b) 0 5 10 15 Current density (mA/cm2) CC CC_T CC_MPL CC_MPL_E 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 c) 0 5 10 15 20 Current density (mA/cm2) CC CC_T CC_MPL CC_MPL_E 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 d) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Current density (mA/cm2) CC_T CC_MPL CC_MPL_E 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 e) 0 5 10 15 Current density (mA/cm2) CC_MPL CC_MPL_E Figure 4. Effect of using carbon cloth with different properties as ADL on the cell performance; methanol Figure 4. Effect of using carbon cloth with different properties as ADL on the cell performance; concentrmaettihoannso:l(cao)n1ceMntr,a(tbio)n2s:M(a),1(cM)3,(bM),2(Md),(5c)M3,Ma,n(d)(5eM)7,aMnd.(e)7M. Cell voltage (V) Cell voltage (V) Cell voltage (V) Cell voltage (V) Cell voltage (V)PDF Image | Anode Diffusion Layer Properties on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
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