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Energies 2020, 13, 5198 7 of 11 Table 2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data estimated from the EEC proposed in Figure 3 for different carbon cloths as anode diffusion layer (ADL) and the maximum power density achieved for each condition. DL CMethanol 1M CC 2M 3M ROhm (Ω) 0.26 0.42 0.26 0.46 0.64 0.37 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.42 0.41 0.57 0.25 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.40 RA (Ω) 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 RC (Ω) 0.24 0.16 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.39 0.30 0.28 0.13 0.12 0.38 0.28 0.14 0.17 0.33 RCrossover (Ω) 0.41 0.43 0.43 0.81 0.65 0.61 3.25 0.63 0.47 0.30 0.24 0.38 0.55 0.46 0.36 0.32 3.35 Power Density (mW/cm2) 1.84 1.89 1.72 1.53 1.70 2.12 0.27 1.34 1.43 1.66 3.00 1.87 1.63 1.65 1.74 2.15 0.63 CC_T 1M 2M 3M 5M 1M 2M CC_MPL 3M 5M 7M 1M 2M CC_MPL_E 3M 5M 7M As already mentioned, the thickness and porosity of the DLs are very important parameters that have a remarkable effect on the cell performance, since are responsible for the transport of different species towards the catalyst layer and out of the cell. As expected, a higher thickness will lead to a higher transport resistance through this layer, but will also lead to a more inform distribution of the fuel along the catalyst layer. This will conduct to an increase of the fuel oxidation rate, a decrease of the anode activation losses (RA) and of the methanol crossover rate (RCrossover), as can be verified in Table 2. Despite the fact that the methanol crossover increases with the methanol concentration, which can be confirmed by a decrease of the open circuit-voltage with the methanol concentration (Figure 4), an increase of the methanol concentration until a maximum value (in this work was 5 M) also lead to an increase of the amount of fuel that reaches the catalyst layer, increasing its oxidation rate and consequently decreasing the anode activation losses (RA). Under these conditions, the cathode activation losses (RC) also decrease, since less methanol crosses the membrane towards the cathode side and reacts on this side (RCrossover). Based on the results presented in Figure 4 and Table 2, the best performance, 3.00 mW/cm2, was achieved using a carbon cloth with a dual-layer structure, CC_MPL, as ADL and with a methanol concentration of 5 M. 3.3. Carbon Paper as Anode DL The effect of carbon paper as ADL in a passive DMFC was also studied in this work, using four different types of carbon papers with different properties. Figure 5 shows the polarization curves for the different carbon papers tested and for different methanol concentrations. Likewise, in the previous subsection, regarding the carbon cloth properties, carbon cloth was used as cathode DL for all the conditions tested. The different resistances of the EEC, at a voltage of 0.2 V, and the maximum power density achieved for each configuration are presented in Table 3. When carbon cloth was used as ADL, the best results were achieved with a CP with a dual-layer structure, CP_MPL and CP_MPL_T. These results are in accordance to what is expected, since this dual-layer structure allowed increasing the carbon paper porosity, which favors the methanol supply and distribution on the catalyst layer surface, increasing its oxidation rate on de anode catalyst (RA), decreasing its crossover rate and the overall cathode activation losses (RC and RCrossover). Additionally, the carbon papers with MPL presented lower ohmic losses, ROhm, (Table 3), since an MPL is also used to decrease the contact resistance between the BL and the catalyst layer.PDF Image | Anode Diffusion Layer Properties on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
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