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Energies 2010, 3 1507 show comparable activity to Pt on methanol oxidation, it demonstrated good activity in several studies on 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol oxidation [32,52–55]. Pd binary catalysts with addition of Ag, Au or Ru showed improved activity compared to Pd catalyst alone. Pd/C promoted by Au, with the optimum ratio of Pd:Au = 4:1, demonstrated a significant increase of catalytic activity and stability for 2-propanol oxidation [56]. Bunazawa and Yamazaki also prepared PdAu/C catalyst for methanol fuel cells using ultrasonic synthesis and found that EG was the optimum solvent resulting in highly dispersed nanoparticles on carbon support [57]. Lamy et al. [58] also used carbon supported Au/Pd for a fuel cell with anion exchange membrane and glycerol as the fuel. The performance with Au/Pd was lower than using Au or Pd alone, and the highest power output was obtained with Pd/C catalysts. An enhancement was also observed from Pd-Ag/C catalyst towards ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media [33]. The catalyst was prepared by co-reduction method and Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles were formed. The Pd-Ag/C catalyst exhibited high activity, enhanced adsorbed CO tolerance and stability for ethanol oxidation. Addition of Ru has the same enhancement on Pd catalyst for ethanol oxidation [18]. With Pd-Ru catalyst, the ethanol oxidation current density was four times of that from Pt-Ru within the potential 0.3–0.4V (RHE). An et al. used Pd-Ni as the anode catalyst for a direct EG fuel cell with Tokuyama AEM and a non-Pt cathode catalyst [59]. A power density of 67 mWcm−2 was achieved, which is the highest reported for EG fuel cells. Ternary and quaternary Pt catalysts were studied for ethanol oxidation in alkaline by Bambagioni et al. [60]. Pd was spontaneously deposited on Vulcan XC-72 supported Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-P alloys using PdIV salts. The Pd-(Ni-Zn)/C and Pd-(Ni-Zn-P)/C catalysts exhibited promising activity for ethanol oxidation. The onset potential was −0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KClsat, i.e. −0.4 V vs. NHE, and a specific current of 3600 A (g Pd)−1 was obtained on both catalysts. Higher activity and stability of the catalysts were due to interaction with oxygen atoms from Ni-O moieties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were used as the substrate for Pd and Pt-Ru catalysts in fuel cells with anion exchange membranes (AEM) using various alcohols as the fuel. The catalysts were very active for the oxidation of all alcohols [52,61]. The effect of a small addition of MWCNT (1–5%) and Ni (1%) into Pd catalyst was studied for methanol oxidation in 1M KOH [62]. Addition of 1% MWCNT in Pd catalyst led to a 5–8 fold increase of catalytic activity; while further addition of 1% Ni into Pd-MWCNT further increased activity by 1.4–1.7 fold. The increase of activity can be ascribed to improved geometrical and electronic properties of the catalyst. Metal oxide promoted Pd/C catalysts were also investigated by Xu et al. for alcohol oxidation in alkaline media [63]. The addition of oxides like CeO2, NiO, Co3O4 and Mn3O4 significantly promoted the activity and stability of Pd/C catalysts. Pd-Co3O4 showed the highest activity for methanol, EG and glycerol oxidation; Pd-NiO was the most active for ethanol oxidation, and Pd-Mn3O4/C improved stability of catalysts. Another important precious metal for alcohol oxidation in alkaline media is Au. It has been studied for methanol oxidation [64,65]. The mechanism and kinetic studies of ethanol oxidation on gold in alkaline media have been carried out by different groups [30,31]. Au was also used in methanol, ethanol and EG oxidation. Au:Ru (1:1) exhibited higher activity than Au [18].PDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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