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Energies 2010, 3 1509 Perovskite-type oxides have been investigated for methanol and EG alkaline fuel cells. Perovskite-type ternary oxides with molecular formulae of La2-xSrxNiO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were prepared by a modified citric acid sol-gel route for a direct methanol alkaline fuel cell (DMAFC). There was no poisoning of the catalyst detected by the methanol oxidation [77]. Platinum free nanosize RuM (M = Ni, Co and Fe) catalysts for glycerol oxidation in alkaline media were prepared on Vulcan XC72 from Ru(OH)3Cl3 and metal sulfates in a hydrogen atmosphere at 400 °C. Glycerol oxidation was tested in 8M KOH and 4M glycerol at 60 °C. With a catalyst loading of 30–40 mg cm−2, good activity for glycerol oxidation was observed [78]. 3.2. Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction For fuel cell performance, oxygen reduction is a kinetically limiting factor, particularly with hydrogen fuel cells. In direct alcohol fuel cells, fuel crossover to the cathode causes a mixed potential on the cathode and further decreases the oxygen reduction performance. 3.2.1. Precious Metal ORR Catalysts Platinum, silver and palladium compounds have been used as ORR catalysts in DAAFCs. Platinum and Pt/Ru catalysts were used as the cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells by Yu and Scott [79]. It was found that ORR activity was lower on Pt/Ru than on Pt due to the low activity of Ru in alkaline solution. The methanol tolerance of the Pt/C electrode with a Pt loading of 1.2 mg cm−2 was 0.2 M methanol in 1 M NaOH suggesting crossover may have less significant effect in alkaline. A Ag/C catalyst was prepared by simple thermal decomposition of AgNO3 in argon at 700 °C by Gamburzev et al. [80] to use in AFCs. Kostowskyj et al. [81] produced Ag nanowires by coating Ag on carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical test results showed that the electrode activity increased with increasing Ag concentration when mixed with CNTs. Highly selective Ag-W2C/C and W2C/C electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction were developed for potential application in mixed-reactant alcohol fuel cells by Meng et al. [82]. The catalysts were prepared by an intermittent microwave heating (IMH) method. Both the W2C/C and Ag-W2C/C showed activity for ORR in alkaline media. The introduction of W2C into the Ag/C enhanced its activity. The Ag-W2C/C catalyst was highly selective for oxygen reduction in the presence of alcohol. Pd was also studied as cathode catalyst for DAAFC [57,83]. Although the activity of Pd is lower than Pt, the Pd/C catalyst is less sensitive to alcohol contamination as compared to Pt/C, indicating better alcohol tolerance. Kim et al. [84] used Pd-Sn/C as a cathode catalyst on DMAFC; this cathode exhibited higher performance than commercial Pt/C catalyst in high methanol concentration. It suggested good methanol tolerance with Pd-Sn/C catalyst indicating promising application on DAAFCs. 3.2.2. Non-Precious ORR Catalysts One of the major advantages of using alkaline media for fuel cells is the potential of applying low cost non noble metals as the catalysts. A wide range of non-noble metal catalysts have been employed in DAAFCs.PDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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