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Energies 2010, 3 1514 composite membrane [121] were used in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and borohydride fuel cells with the presence of alkaline (from 2 M KOH up to 8 M KOH) in fuel solutions. The membranes showed good electrochemical performance. A quaternised poly(vinyl alcohol)/alumina (QPVA/Al2O3) nanocomposite polymer membrane was prepared by a solution casting method by Yang et al. [122]. In an alkaline DMFC with the PVA/Al2O3 composite membrane, a peak power density of 36.2 mW cm−2 was achieved at room temperature with ambient air. 5. Performance of DAAFC The performance of one of the first alkaline alcohol fuel cells was reported by Cairns and Bartosik in 1964 [123]. They operated the cell with vapourised methanol with an invariant alkaline electrolyte operated at 115–130 °C. The conversion of the fuel to electricity in one pass through the cell was 75 to 85%. Power densities of 40–45 mW cm−2 were achieved. However, there was a gap on further research on alkaline alcohol fuel cells until this decade. Most DAAFC performances reported earlier were lower than those of the corresponding the PEM counterpart. The power density of current DMAFCs is typically less than 20% of that obtained from PEM DMFC. The DAAFC studies focused on PtRu and Pt as catalysts; the highest performance reported with such materials was 58 mW cm−2 [34]. This has been changed with new advances in AEM and catalyst development in the past few years. Power density of 160 mW cm−2 was achieved at 80 °C by Bianchini et al. [96] from an alkaline fuel cell using ethanol. This is comparable to what is achieved from PEM DMFCs. Even with a passive cathode, power density of 55 mW cm−2 was obtained using ethanol. Bianchini and coworkers also tested the system with various fuels (methanol, ethanol, glycerol). The wide range of materials used in DAAFC suggest the potential of using low cost materials in DAAFCs. Alkaline alcohol fuel cell performances reported for different alcohol, catalysts, AEMs and operating parameters are summarized in Table 5. In most studies, alkaline liquid electrolyte was still added to the fuel despite use of AEMs. Only very few studies used liquid fuel without adding alkaline electrolyte. Varcoe and Slade [124] developed a novel quaternary-ammonium-functionalised radiation-grafted ETFE alkaline anion-exchange membrane (AAEM) and applied M+OH− free methanol in a methanol/O2 fuel cell. A maximum power density of 8.5 mW cm−2 was obtained at 80 °C. Coutanceau et al. also investigated AFCs using Ag/C catalyst for ORR and Pt-Pd anode catalyst with methanol and EG [125]. It was clear that fuel cell performance improved significantly with the addition of NaOH in EG. Figure 4 compares the DMAFC performance with and without additional alkali in the fuel. With similar catalyst loading and the same type of membrane (ADP), the cell with 1.0 M NaOH in the fuel gave higher current and power density [21,23,96,103]. Without 1 M NaOH, the maximum current density was only around 60 mA cm−2, while with alkali, the maximum current density increased to 100 mA cm−2; the peak power density also improved from 9 mW cm−2 to 18 mW cm−2. The OCV without NaOH was about 50 mV (0.65 V) lower than with NaOH in the fuel (0.70 V).PDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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