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Energies 2010, 3 1516 DAAFCs with a self-breathing or passive cathode have been investigated by several groups because of its practicality and convenience [96,126,127]. For ethanol, a power density of 55 mW cm−2 was reported [96]; for methanol, a maximum power density of 12.8 mW cm−2 was obtained with 7 M methanol at 25 °C with KOH in the fuel [126]. Other fuel cell configurations, such as laminar flow fuel cells [128] and mixed reactant fuel cells [129,130] have also been applied to DAAFCs. Choban et al. developed a laminar flow-based single microfluidic channel fuel cell, where an acidic anolyte containing methanol and an alkaline catholyte containing dissolved oxygen were merged in a microfluidic channel which contained electrodes at it’s walls. The streams were fed in such a way that the anolyte was in contact only with the anode and catholyte with the cathode [105]. Both streams mixed only slowly due to operation in the laminar regime and at high Peclet numbers. A novel micro fabrication method, multistream laminar flow, was used. The maximum power density of 12 mW cm−2 was achieved with a mixed media: 1N KOH in anode and 1N H2SO4 in cathode. Sung et al. [107] developed a micro fuel cell using non-noble metal catalysts in alkaline media. The fuel cell was designed with both electrodes not facing each other, but being in-plane. Nickel hydroxide and silver oxide was the catalyst for anode and cathode respectively. The fuel (methanol) and the oxidant (H2O2) were both mixed into the same electrolyte, 1M KOH. Although the maximum power density obtained was only 28 μWcm−2, this new technology enables high design flexibility and easy integration of the microscale fuel cell into microfluidic systems and portable devices. A more conventional approach for mixed reactant DAAFC resembling that of early studies [129] was evaluated by Zeng et al. [131]: a porous separator for NiMH cells was assembled with a Pt and a Pt/Ru gas diffusion electrode, and a mixed flow of ethanol, air and KOH were supplied to the fuel cell. The maximum power density was 35 mW cm−2 and the selectivity of the electrodes was tuned by adjusting hydrophobicity of the catalyst layers. Table 5. Summary of DAAFC performance. Fuel/oxidant DMAFC w/o alkaline 2 M methanol/O2 no backpressure no backpressure 2.5 bar back pressure 2.5 bar back pressure 1 M methanol/O2 2 M methanol/air 16% methanol in N2/air Catalysts Electrolyte/ Anode Cathode membrane Pt Pt Quaternised −2 −2 4mgcm 4mgcm radiation-grafted ETFE AAEM Pt/Ru Pt/C Tokuyama −2 1mgcm Pd/C A201 . −2 0.5 mg cm Pt/Ru Pt ADP −2 −2 1mgcm 1mgcm PtRu Pt PVA+10M KOH PVA+10M KOH/Ni-LDH T/°C 50 60 60 80 80 30 40 50 60 40 OCV/V 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.57 0.64 0.6 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.9 Imax/ Pmax/ Ref. mA cm−2 mW cm−2 22 1.5 [123] 34 2.4 34 4.2 68 8.5 34 2.6 [57] 34 2.6 32 5.9 [102] 43 6.9 57 7.6 60 9.0 80 100 22 [135] 35PDF Image | Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
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