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10. Atmospheric chemistry—The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is a major concern in this story, not only the fact that human activity is raising atmospheric CO2 levels, but ironically that CO2 levels might not be high enough to make methanol production from atmospheric CO2 feasible. 11. Surface and interphase chemistry—In a fuel cell, both oxidation and reduction take place when gas-phase reactant molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of a solid-phase catalyst. A lot of interesting chemistry takes place on surfaces, from sophisticated catalysis to the simple spreading of water on a piece of glass. Even though this topic usually gets little attention in high school chemistry classes, it is important enough that the 2007 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to German scientist Gerhard Ertl for his work in surface chemistry. 12. Elements and compounds—Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and there is plenty of it on planet Earth—but it is locked up in compounds with other elements, mostly water, and to a lesser extent methane. Obtaining elemental hydrogen, H2, requires decomposing water or other hydrogen containing compounds. Possible Student Misconceptions 1. “Fuel cells burn fuels” “Burning” implies combustion, which is mechanistically, and kinetically different from the way fuels are oxidized in fuel cells. A major consequence of the different mechanisms of oxidation in fuel cells is that energy is released as electric current rather than heat, as is the case with combustion. 2. “The electrodes in a fuel cell absorb ions.” The difference between absorption and adsorption is one that high school students may not be familiar with. They should be made aware that adsorption is merely the attachment of molecules or ions to a surface through chemical interaction of some sort, and not the same thing as absorption. 3. “Hydrogen, methanol, and ethanol are energy sources.” Any fuel is just a means of storing energy. (Even fossil fuels are merely storing solar energy from millions of years ago.) Energy is required to produce hydrogen, methanol, and ethanol. That energy must come from somewhere. The energy used to produce hydrogen, methanol, or ethanol, may be that stored in fossil fuels, or it may come from a renewable source like solar or wind power. Either way, the fuels are only as green as the energy used to produce them. 4. “Ethanol is non-toxic.” Ethanol is toxic, just not as toxic as methanol. While (most) adults can safely and responsibly consume it is small doses, people have died from ingesting enough of it. Demonstrations and Lessons 1. The electrolytic decomposition of water can be accomplished using a Hoffman’s apparatus or with simpler set-ups using batteries and pencil-lead electrodes. Fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity. The reverse process, using electricity to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen, demonstrates the connection between electricity and chemical transformation, and underscores the thermodynamics of the reactions involved in fuel cells (i.e. producing water releases energy, while converting water into hydrogen and oxygen absorbs energy). What’s more, it reinforces the understanding that generating hydrogen for fuel requires energy of some sort. 2. Constructing a simple galvanic cell is another way to reinforce the concept that chemical reactions can produce electricity. Also, there are enough similarities between fuelPDF Image | BEYOND HYDROGEN
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