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Materials 2019, 12 FOR PEER REVIEW Materials 2019, 12, 350 6 6 of 22 Figure 1. Improvement strategies for biobutanol production. Figure 1. Improvement strategies for biobutanol production. Processes Improvement Processes Improvement Simultaneous hydrolysis of wheat straw towards simple sugar and fermentation to butanol Simultaneous hydrolysis of wheat straw towards simple sugar and fermentation to butanol is is an attractive alternative to the use of expensive glucose in butanol fermentation processes. an attractive alternative to the use of expensive glucose in butanol fermentation processes. Qureshi Qureshi et al. [113–115] performed one- and two-stage fermentation trials to assess the performance et al. [113–115] performed one- and two-stage fermentation trials to assess the performance of the of the batch process for butanol production from various polysaccharide materials, using different batch process for butanol production from various polysaccharide materials, using different combinations of pretreatment: (i) fermentation with pretreated wheat straw; (ii) separate hydrolysis combinations of pretreatment: (i) fermentation with pretreated wheat straw; (ii) separate hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat straw without removing the sediments; (iii) simultaneous hydrolysis and and fermentation of wheat straw without removing the sediments; (iii) simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat straw without agitation; (iv) simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat fermentation of wheat straw without agitation; (iv) simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of straw with sugar supplementation, and (v) simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat straw wheat straw with sugar supplementation, and (v) simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of with agitation by gas stripping. The highest yield of butanol was obtained using the last combination wheat straw with agitation by gas stripping. The highest yield of butanol was obtained using the last (v). Various monosaccharides were detected in the hydrolysate, namely glucose, xylose, arabinose, combination (v). Various monosaccharides were detected in the hydrolysate, namely glucose, xylose, galactose and mannose. However, supplementation with sugar helped to improve the productivity of arabinose, galactose and mannose. However, supplementation with sugar helped to improve the fed-batch fermentation. productivity of fed-batch fermentation. Aside from product inhibition, other factors can affect butanol fermentation. These include Aside from product inhibition, other factors can affect butanol fermentation. These include substrate inhibition, salt concentration inhibition, the presence of dead cells, low water activity, substrate inhibition, salt concentration inhibition, the presence of dead cells, low water activity, the the accumulation of macromolecules (polysaccharides), nutrient deficiency and O2 diffusion when accumulation of macromolecules (polysaccharides), nutrient deficiency and O2 diffusion when nutrients are added to the fermenter [116–118]. It is worth noting that, whereas whey permeates nutrients are added to the fermenter [116–118]. It is worth noting that, whereas whey permeates (lactose) at high concentrations of around 200 g/L, it does not inhibit butanol fermentation, while (lactose) at high concentrations of around 200 g/L, it does not inhibit butanol fermentation, while glucose at concentrations greater than 161 g/L does have an inhibitory effect [119,120]. The major glucose at concentrations greater than 161 g/L does have an inhibitory effect [119,120]. The major inhibitors of the fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass are compounds present in the lignocellulosic inhibitors of the fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass are compounds present in the lignocellulosic hydrolysates, such as salts, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic, ferulic, glucuronic, coumaric acids hydrolysates, such as salts, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic, ferulic, glucuronic, coumaric and various phenolic compounds [121]. Coumaric and ferulic acids have been found to act as inhibitors acids and various phenolic compounds [121]. Coumaric and ferulic acids have been found to act as at a concentration of 0.3 g/L. However, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural at the same concentration inhibitors at a concentration of 0.3 g/L. However, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural at the same stimulate the growth of bacterial cells, and thereby the process of butanol fermentation [122,123]. concentration stimulate the growth of bacterial cells, and thereby the process of butanol fermentation Cho et al. [124] investigated the effects of model phenolic compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysates [122,123]. Cho et al. [124] investigated the effects of model phenolic compounds in lignocellulosic on butanol production by C. beijerinckii. At a concentration of 1 g/L, the model phenolic compounds hydrolysates on butanol production by C. beijerinckii. At a concentration of 1 g/L, the model phenolic were found to inhibit cell growth by 64–75%, while the production of butanol was completely inhibited. compounds were found to inhibit cell growth by 64–75%, while the production of butanol was Therefore, detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates is necessary to maximize butanol production completely inhibited. Therefore, detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates is necessary to from lignocellulosic hydrolysates [125,126]. maximize butanol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates [125,126]. Inhibitors can be successfully removed by treating the hydrolysate with calcium hydroxide or Inhibitors can be successfully removed by treating the hydrolysate with calcium hydroxide or other hydroxides. Qureshi et al. reported that pretreatment with alkaline peroxide significantly other hydroxides. Qureshi et al. reported that pretreatment with alkaline peroxide significantly improved the butanol yield from enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw using C. beijerinckii [116]. improved the butanol yield from enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw using C. beijerinckii [116]. ThePDF Image | Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel Production
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