PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 009
MMataetreirailasls2021091,91, 212F,O35R0PEER REVIEW 9 of 922 Figure 2. Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation by clostridia [84,142–148]. Figure 2. Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation by clostridia [84,142–148]. Metabolic engineering first requires an analysis of the metabolic system and of the kinetics Metabolic engineering first requires an analysis of the metabolic system and of the kinetics of its of its intracellular enzymatic reactions. The selected organism can then be subjected to genetic or intracellular enzymatic reactions. The selected organism can then be subjected to genetic or environmental modifications. It is necessary to alter not only the protein content of the organism, but environmental modifications. It is necessary to alter not only the protein content of the organism, but also its enzymatic profile. Identifying and modeling the key enzymatic reactions for butanol ratio in also its enzymatic profile. Identifying and modeling the key enzymatic reactions for butanol ratio in C. acetobutylicum is thus an important first step towards the construction of metabolically-engineered C. acetobutylicum is thus an important first step towards the construction of metabolically-engineered production strains [55,146–149]. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the genomes of two production strains [55,146–149]. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the genomes of two butanol producing clostridia were sequenced in their entirety: C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and butanol producing clostridia were sequenced in their entirety: C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and C. C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 [150]. Once the butanol and acetone producing genes had been identified, beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 [150]. Once the butanol and acetone producing genes had been identified, genetic modifications were attempted to decrease or eliminate the production of acetone production genetic modifications were attempted to decrease or eliminate the production of acetone production during butanol fermentation. TargeTron technology was used to disrupt the acetoacetate decarboxylase during butanol fermentation. TargeTron technology was used to disrupt the acetoacetate gene (adc), which is responsible for acetone production [149]. As a result, butanol production was decarboxylase gene (adc), which is responsible for acetone production [149]. As a result, butanol increased from 70% to 80% and acetone production was reduced to 0.21 g/L. Sequencing the genomes production was increased from 70% to 80% and acetone production was reduced to 0.21 g/L. of more hyper-butanol producing bacteria would open further possibilities for genetic engineering to Sequencing the genomes of more hyper-butanol producing bacteria would open further possibilities enhance the process of butanol fermentation [151]. for genetic engineering to enhance the process of butanol fermentation [151]. Recombinant DNA technology is an attractive tool for improving solvent production by genetic Recombinant DNA technology is an attractive tool for improving solvent production by genetic engineering. This technique was first used on the collection strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. engineering. This technique was first used on the collection strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. However, the modified strain was unable to produce acetone and butanol, probably due to the However, the modified strain was unable to produce acetone and butanol, probably due to the destruction of solvent producing genes (ctfA, ctfB, adc, aad) after serial sub-culturing [152]. Plasmid destruction of solvent producing genes (ctfA, ctfB, adc, aad) after serial sub-culturing [152]. Plasmid pSOLI containing these genes was inserted in bacterial mutants. Unfortunately, the engineered strains pSOLI containing these genes was inserted in bacterial mutants. Unfortunately, the engineered were still unable to produce butanol and acetone, due to the destruction of the inserted plasmid. strains were still unable to produce butanol and acetone, due to the destruction of the inserted Similar results were reported by Sillers et al. [153], who used clostridia as hosts for butanol-producing plasmid. Similar results were reported by Sillers et al. [153], who used clostridia as hosts for butanol- genes. Due to the genetic complexity of clostridia and the lack of suitable genetic tools, their efforts producing genes. Due to the genetic complexity of clostridia and the lack of suitable genetic tools, were unsuccessful. their efforts were unsuccessful. Other organisms have been investigated as possible hosts for butanol-producing genes. Other organisms have been investigated as possible hosts for butanol-producing genes. Butanol- Butanol-producing genes have been most commonly introduced into E. coli, Pseudomonas putida, producing genes have been most commonly introduced into E. coli, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maximum butanol production of 20 g/L was subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maximum butanol production of 20 g/L was obtained for the obtained for the engineered strain of E. coli EB243, in which 33 native genes were deleted and engineered strain of E. coli EB243, in which 33 native genes were deleted and 5 heterologous genes 5 heterologous genes introduced. Strain EB243, which produced butanol with a yield of 34% introduced. Strain EB243, which produced butanol with a yield of 34% in batch fermentations, in batch fermentations, showed great potential for industrial applications [154]. In a study by showed great potential for industrial applications [154]. In a study by Inui et al., the genes thiL, hbd, Inui et al., the genes thiL, hbd, crt, bcd-etfB-etfA, adhE1 and adhE2 from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 were crt, bcd-etfB-etfA, adhE1 and adhE2 from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 were introduced into E. coli, introduced into E. coli, coding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, coding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxybutyryl- 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, butyraldehyde dehydrogenase CoA dehydratase, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, butyraldehyde dehydrogenase and butanol and butanol dehydrogenase [155]. In another study, a strain of C. saccharobutylicum with high dehydrogenase [155]. In another study, a strain of C. saccharobutylicum with high hemicellulosic hemicellulosic activity was isolated, and its genes were inserted into E. coli, encoding crotonase, activity was isolated, and its genes were inserted into E. coli, encoding crotonase, butyryl-CoA butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (bcd), electron-transport protein subunits A and B, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (bcd), electron-transport protein subunits A and B, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, CoA-transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, CoA-transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Almost all of the genes were also expressed in the host bacteria Lactobacillus dehydrogenase. Almost all of the genes were also expressed in the host bacteria Lactobacillus brevis brevis [156]. Successful expression of bcd genes was also achieved in S. cerevisiae, but without a [156]. Successful expression of bcd genes was also achieved in S. cerevisiae, but without a significant significant improvement in butanol production [157]. In summary, recombinant DNA technology in improvement in butanol production [157]. In summary, recombinant DNA technology in non- non-clostridial microorganisms has so far proven incapable of improving yields of butanol over native clostridial microorganisms has so far proven incapable of improving yields of butanol over native Clostridium spp. Focus should now be concentrated on the further development genetic tools for gene Clostridium spp. Focus should now be concentrated on the further development genetic tools for genePDF Image | Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel Production
PDF Search Title:
Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel ProductionOriginal File Name Searched:
materials-12-00350.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)