PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
Materials 2019, 12 FOR PEER REVIEW 2 Materials 2019, 12, 350 13 of 22 reactions [193–195]. The use of a two-zone reactor contributed to improve the H/C ratio in the liquid fuel biocomponent. The reaction is summarized in Figure 4. A 2 OH cat. met. cat. O OH + H H O 2 B 2 OH + 4 [H] H O Al2O3 OHO C2H H H+HH Figure 4. Condensation of bio-ethanol to butanol in the presence of catalysts (A) via concomitant Figure 4. Condensation of bio-ethanol to butanol in the presence of catalysts (A) via concomitant elementary transformations (B) and (C). elementary transformations (B) and (C). The reaction presented in Figure 4 is a multistage process, in which ethanol oxidation to The reaction presented in Figure 4 is a multistage process, in which ethanol oxidation to O O acetaldehyde (B) is followed by the aldol reaction of acetaldehyde. The dehydration of the aldol acetaldehyde (B) is followed by the aldol reaction of acetaldehyde. The dehydration of the aldol reaction product then leads to the formation of crotonaldehyde (C), which is finally reduced to butanol. reaction product then leads to the formation of crotonaldehyde (C), which is finally reduced to Ethanol undergoes dehydrogenation upon contact with the metal centers of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, forming butanol. Ethanol undergoes dehydrogenation upon contact with the metal centers of Ni/Al2O3 acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Acetaldehyde undergoes the aldol reaction in the presence of alumina to catalyst, forming acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Acetaldehyde undergoes the aldol reaction in the form 3-hydroxybutanal. This is converted into crotonaldehyde by dehydration. Crotonaldehyde is presence of alumina to form 3-hydroxybutanal. This is converted into crotonaldehyde by reduced by the hydrogen created in the first step (A) of the reaction, forming butylaldehyde. This is dehydration. Crotonaldehyde is reduced by the hydrogen created in the first step (A) of the reaction, further reduced by hydrogen into butanol. In contrast, over strontium phosphate apatite, represented forming butylaldehyde. This is further reduced by hydrogen into butanol. In contrast, over strontium by the general formula Sr10−αMα(PO4)6−α(ZO4)βX2 (where M = Ba, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, phosphate apatite, represented by the general formula Sr10−αMα(PO4)6−α(ZO4)βX2 (where M = Ba, Ca, Zn, La, H, etc., Z = V, Ac, etc., X = OH, F, Cl, etc.), for example, Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2, the mechanism of Mg, Pb, Cd, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, La, H, etc., Z = V, Ac, etc., X = OH, F, Cl, etc.), for example, butanol formation from crotonaldehyde in vapor phase assumes the formation 2-buten-1-ol instead of Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2, the mechanism of butanol formation from crotonaldehyde in vapor phase assumes butanal [196]. the formation 2-buten-1-ol instead of butanal [196]. 3. Conclusions 4. Conclusions Butanol holds particular promise as a liquid transportation fuel, with advantages over bioethanol Butanol holds particular promise as a liquid transportation fuel, with advantages over as part of a wider portfolio of sustainable energy solutions. The research summarized in this bioethanol as part of a wider portfolio of sustainable energy solutions. The research summarized in review demonstrates the great potential of different methods and processes for increasing both the this review demonstrates the great potential of different methods and processes for increasing both efficiency of butanol synthesis by biotechnological and conventional chemical routes and the economic the efficiency of butanol synthesis by biotechnological and conventional chemical routes and the profitability of butanol production on a large scale. Genetic technologies can be adapted to improve the economic profitability of butanol production on a large scale. Genetic technologies can be adapted to characteristics of different butanol-producing bacteria. One of the most promising chemical solutions improve the characteristics of different butanol-producing bacteria. One of the most promising is the coupling of bioethanol into butanol in a continuous, one-step process. Taken together, the chemical solutions is the coupling of bioethanol into butanol in a continuous, one-step process. Taken implementation of these strategies for strain improvement, modification of butanol fermentation, together, the implementation of these strategies for strain improvement, modification of butanol recovery processing and chemical catalysis in successful industrial processes indicates that butanol fermentation, recovery processing and chemical catalysis in successful industrial processes indicates production is likely to become an economically feasible process in the future. that butanol production is likely to become an economically feasible process in the future. Author Contributions: B.K., J.F., M.B., M.M., Z.J.K., I.A.W. wrote the “Introduction”; “Butanol and its higher hAoumthoolorgCueosnatrsifbuuetliboinosc:oBm.Kpo.,nJe.Fn.t,s”M;“.B.u,tMan.Mol.p,rZo.dJ.uKc.,tiIo.An.rWou.tws”r,o“tCehtehmei“cIanltprroodcuecsstieosnf”o;r“pBroudtauncoinlganbudtaitnsohlifgrohmer bhiom-eothloagnuoel”s.aDs.Kfu.e,lJ.bBi.o, cPo.Dm.,pHon.Aen. gtsa”t;h“eBreudta,noorglapnriozdeudcatinodnwroruotes”t,h“eC“hBeiomteicahlnporlocgeiscsaelspfrorcepsrsoedsufocirnbgiob-ubtaasneodl butanol production”; “Clostridia as butanol producers”; “Metabolism”; “Carbon sources”; “Fermentation from bio-ethanol”. D.K., J.B., P.D., H.A. gathered, organized and wrote the “Biotechnological processes for bio- processes”; “Strain improvement”. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, providing important based butanol production”; “Clostridia as butanol producers”; “Metabolism”; “Carbon sources”; “Fermentation intellectual content. processes”; “Strain improvement”. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, providing important Funding: This research was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development under Project intellectual content. BIOSTRATEG2/296369/5/NCBR/2016. Funding: This research was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development under Project Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. BIOSTRATEG2/296369/5/NCBR/2016. RCeofnefrliecntsceosf Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Scott, F.; Quintero, J.; Morales, M.; Conejeros, R.; Cardona, C.; Aroca, G. Process Design and Sustainability in References the Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Materials. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 2013, 16. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel Production
PDF Search Title:
Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel ProductionOriginal File Name Searched:
materials-12-00350.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)