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Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol: Adding Economic Value and Jobs to Rural Economies and Communities While Reducing Emissions Executive Summary As the world leader in demonstrating carbon capture technologies in multiple industries, the U.S. is well- poised to expand commercial deployment and bring down the costs of CO2 capture, compression and pipeline transport. With its high-purity and low-cost biogenic CO2 derived from ethanol fermentation, the biofuels industry can play a key role in scaling up carbon management for energy production and geologic storage. Carbon capture technology and the use and geologic storage of CO2 through enhanced oil recovery (CO2- EOR) have a successful history of commercial deployment going back nearly a half century. While roughly 80 percent of CO2 used in EOR is sourced from geologic domes, a commercial market for the sale of large volumes of captured CO2 from industrial facilities has existed for decades in the U.S. because the oil industry purchases it for injection into existing fields to recover additional crude. Storing CO2 in saline geologic formations—a process that does not involve oil production—is more recent, with the first commercial scale demonstration dating back to the mid-1990s. In this paper, the State CO2-EOR Deployment Work Group explores the opportunities for energy production, expanded economic development and emissions reduction potential from capturing and utilizing CO2 from ethanol production. The paper also describes the federal and state policies needed to foster further commercial deployment. The Work Group turns to this topic as a follow-up to its December 2016 report recommending federal and state carbon capture deployment incentives. These incentives are essential to enabling private investors to finance carbon capture at ethanol facilities, power plants and other industrial facilities, as well as pipelines to transport the CO2 to oilfields and saline formations where it can be used and stored. The biofuels industry has a history of innovation to reduce energy and water use, drive down costs, generate new sources of revenue from value-added byproducts, and lower the carbon intensity of ethanol. As it has improved energy efficiency and lowered emissions, the industry has sought new revenue opportunities from products that add value beyond the ethanol itself. Fermentation in ethanol production yields 99.9 percent pure CO2, which can become an additional value stream; 1 in fact, the industry has sold biogenic CO2 to the EOR industry for nearly a decade.2 Further deployment of carbon capture presents a significant economic opportunity for the ethanol industry through the oil industry’s purchase and beneficial use of CO2. Proposed federal and state financial incentives and credits obtained by storing CO2 geologically through EOR or its injection into saline formations could provide additional economic value. Moreover, when the carbon accumulated in corn or other biomass feedstocks through photosynthesis is captured during fermentation, rather than released back to the atmosphere, even deeper reductions in lifecycle carbon emissions can be achieved. This, in turn, enhances the value of the ethanol produced in key markets where public policy increasingly demands reductions in carbon intensity. Net lifecycle emissions reductions from the capture of biogenic CO2 from ethanol fermentation can be significant.3 The application of carbon capture to corn- ethanol plants in the U.S. has the potential to reduce the carbon intensity of resulting biofuels production by upwards of 40 percent, if the captured CO2 is stored in saline geologic formations.4 In the case of storing 1 While the CO2 stream from fermentation is of high purity, equipping an ethanol plant for carbon capture requires investments in the fermenters for capture and in equipment to compress and dehydrate the CO2 prior to pipeline transport. 2 See Figure 1 for a timeline and description of carbon capture projects in the ethanol industry. 3 Lindfeldt, Erik G., and Mats O. Westermark. 2008. “System Study of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture in Bio-Based Motor Fuel Production.” Energy 33 (2):352–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.09.005. Laude, A., O. Ricci, G. Bureau, J. Royer-Adnot, and A. Fabbri. 2011. “CO2 Capture and Storage from a Bioethanol Plant: Carbon and Energy Footprint and Economic Assessment.” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5 (5):1220–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijggc.2011.06.004. 4 McCoy, Sean T. 2017. “The Value Proposition for Combining CCS and Ethanol Production.” presented at the Capturing Value from Biogenic CO2: Opportunities for Ethanol and Other Industries, Johnston, Iowa, 2 August 2017. http://www.betterenergy.org/sites/default/files/McCoy-%20 Ethanol%20and%20CCS_v1.pdf. The ethanol industry already supplies roughly 270,000 MT of CO2 annually for EOR in Kansas and Texas, and ADM expects to inject up to 1.1 million MT annually for saline storage in Illinois. For comparison, Occidental Petroleum, the world leader in CO2-EOR, injects 47 million MT of CO2 annually. The ethanol industry has a strategic opportunity to deploy technology and infrastructure that would both increase its revenue and beneficially reduce carbon emissions. 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