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Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol: Adding Economic Value and Jobs to Rural Economies and Communities While Reducing Emissions Introduction CO2-EOR has a history of commercial deployment going back nearly a half century. While roughly 80 percent of CO2 presently used in EOR is naturally occurring and sourced from geologic domes, a commercial market for captured CO2 from industrial facilities has existed for decades in the U.S., where it is purchased by the oil industry for injection into existing fields to recover additional crude. Experience with geologic storage of CO2 in saline geologic formations is more recent, having first been demonstrated successfully at commercial scale in the mid-1990s. Despite the lack of revenue from selling CO2 to the oil industry, future opportunity exists for a market to emerge for carbon capture and geologic storage in saline formations as well, potentially driven by public policies under consideration in the U.S. at the federal and state levels. In addition, oilfields with potential for CO2-EOR and saline formations suitable for geologic storage sometimes occur in the same location. This creates the potential for oil production and geologic storage through EOR to expand or shift to include saline storage in the future, thereby taking economic advantage of existing carbon capture, CO2 pipeline and other infrastructure. The commercial capture of CO2 from ethanol production for sale to the EOR industry first began in 2009 with the Arkalon plant, followed by the Bonanza plant in 2012. Both facilities are located in Kansas. Injection of CO2 from fermentation into saline formations for geologic storage first began in 2011, when ADM initiated its Illinois Basin–Decatur Project, capturing and storing 1,000 MT per day for three years from its corn processing plant. This year, ADM formally commenced an even larger carbon capture and saline storage project at its Decatur facility (Figure 1). Net lifecycle emissions reductions from the capture of biogenic CO2 from ethanol fermentation can be significant.7 The application of carbon capture to corn-ethanol plants in the U.S. has the potential to reduce the carbon intensity of resulting biofuels production by upwards of 40 percent, if the captured CO2 is stored in saline geologic formations.8 Recent analysis from the International Energy Agency shows 7 Lindfeldt, Erik G., and Mats O. Westermark. 2008. 8 McCoy, Sean, 2017. that, after accounting for the additional oil produced and global market effects, every ton of anthropogenic CO2 delivered for CO2-EOR results in a 63 percent emissions reduction.9 Further deployment of carbon capture presents a significant economic opportunity for the ethanol industry. It creates another value-added revenue stream from the oil industry’s purchase and beneficial use of CO2 as a commodity byproduct. Additionally, there are potential federal and state financial incentives and carbon credits obtained by storing CO2 geologically through the process of EOR or its injection into saline formations. Moreover, when the carbon accumulated in corn or other biomass feedstocks through photosynthesis is captured from fermentation, rather than released back to the atmosphere, even deeper reductions in lifecycle carbon emissions can be achieved. This, in turn, enhances the value of the ethanol produced in key markets where public policy increasingly demands reductions in carbon intensity. Thus, the ethanol industry has the potential to expand its revenue base while meeting growing policy and market expectations for lower carbon fuels. Accomplishing this win-win requires a framework of federal and state policy incentives described in this paper that can attract private capital investment in: • Carbon capture, compression and dehydration equipment at ethanol plants; and • CO2 pipeline networks linking numerous ethanol plants located in key corn and biomass-producing regions to oilfields and other reservoirs for geologic storage. The federal and state policies recommended by the Work Group are not expected to result in construction of new biofuels facilities or to increase overall ethanol production. However, the scaling up of carbon management infrastructure in the industry would enable ethanol producers to tap into evolving low- carbon fuel product and credit markets, positioning the biofuels industry, in partnership with EOR operators, to capture financially the added value inherent in producing fuels with a lower carbon footprint. It also offers a strategic, market-based opportunity to enhance broader American energy independence by producing oil here at home that displaces current 9 IEA, Storing CO2 through Enhanced Oil Recovery, 2015. Page 9 Prepared by the State CO2-EOR Deployment Work GroupPDF Image | Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol
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