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Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol: Adding Economic Value and Jobs to Rural Economies and Communities While Reducing Emissions imports of more carbon-intensive imported crude in the U.S. marketplace, while significantly reducing total emissions in the process. Traditionally, the ethanol and oil industries have often had divergent interests in federal and state energy and environmental policy. Yet, Work Group participants believe that important common ground can be forged around the mutual opportunity of expanding the capture and beneficial industry use of biogenic CO2 accomplished through EOR and saline storage. The State CO2-EOR Deployment Work Group is turning to this topic as a follow-up to our December 2016 report recommending federal and state financial incentives to attract private investment in commercial carbon capture at ethanol facilities, power plants and other industrial facilities. In this paper, we explore the specific opportunities for energy production, economic development and emissions reductions from capturing and utilizing CO2 from ethanol production and describe the needed federal and state policies. CO2-EOR: Background and How It Works While this paper also considers the capture of CO2 for geologic storage in saline formations, CO2-EOR provides the most commercially-ready pathway for geologic storage that could scale rapidly with policy reform. CO2-EOR represents a well-understood and long-standing technique for oil production that enables cost-effective recovery of remaining crude from mature oilfields. In the early or primary phase of traditional oil production, the extraction of oil and gas decreases the fluid pressures in a reservoir. Traditionally, a secondary phase involving injection of water to restore reservoir pressure followed the primary phase, enabling production of still more of the original oil in place. Eventually, water flooding reaches a point of diminishing economic returns. Then, some fields are suitable for a tertiary phase of production that commonly involves CO2 injection—commonly referred to as “CO2 floods”—to recover still more of the remaining oil. Commercial CO2-EOR was pioneered in West Texas in 1972. In the ensuing four and one-half decades, the U.S. oil and gas industry has turned the practice into a robust industry that accounts for approximately four percent of domestic oil production. The first two large-scale CO2-EOR projects in the United States (SACROC and Crossett in West Texas) remain in operation today. Capturing, compressing and transporting CO2 via pipeline to an oilfield transforms CO2 from a potential liability into a valuable commodity with remarkable properties for enhancing oil production. When injected into an existing oilfield, CO2 lowers the viscosity of the remaining oil, reduces interfacial tension, and swells the oil, thereby allowing oil affixed to the rock and trapped in pore spaces to flow more freely and be produced through traditional means. A majority of injected CO2 remains in the reservoir in the first pass; that CO2 which does return to the surface with the produced oil is then separated, compressed, and reinjected. This process results in only de minimis emissions from what constitutes a closed-loop system from CO2 source to oilfield sink that ultimately results in safe and permanent geologic storage. As oilfields continue to mature, CO2-EOR presents a key opportunity to capture carbon emissions from ethanol plants, power plants, and other industrial facilities that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere and instead puts that CO2 to productive use, harvesting additional domestic oil to displace crude we likely would otherwise import, while safely and permanently storing that captured CO2 geologically in the process. Since CO2 as a purchased commodity costs more than water, CO2 flooding has historically followed water flooding in a tertiary phase of production. However, the EOR industry is exploring the use of CO2 in primary and secondary production, especially with unconventional reservoirs such as residual oil zones and tight hydrocarbon shales. Successful commercialization of CO2-EOR in unconventional formations would lead to substantial increases in domestic oil production and carbon storage, as well as continued reductions in the import of more carbon- intensive heavy crudes. CO2-EOR projects offer longevity and a more complete utilization of existing assets and investments not always associated with other oil production opportunities. Taken together, primary and secondary phases of oil production in conventional fields typically Page 11 Prepared by the State CO2-EOR Deployment Work GroupPDF Image | Capturing and Utilizing CO2 from Ethanol
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