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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1407 18 of 26 and has not reached its full potential yet, concerning electrocatalytic applications. CNHs have been employed as electrocatalysts, mostly as electrocatalytic supports, and have been tested primarily in oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation and less in the electrolysis of water. Interestingly, two major strategies have been used in order to increase electrocatalytic active sites and promote electrocatalytic activity, namely (i) doping of CNHs with heteroatoms, and (ii) hybridization with other catalysts. Doped and co-doped CNHs have shown promising results in ORR and MOR, outperforming, in some cases, the commercial Pt-based electrocatalysts. Meanwhile, immobilization of metallic nanoparticles onto CNHs can reduce the amount of noble metals, but also assists electrocatalytic performance, while a combination of CNHs and/or doped CNHs with alternative electrocatalysts, such as transition metal chalcogenides, has shown encouraging results for ORR. Therefore, CNHs bring benefits that can help in reaching superior performances in electrocatalytic reactions. Their unconventional structure, high purity and porosity, good electrical conductivity, and high surface area ensure an exceptional electrocatalyst for reactions that are of paramount importance in fuel cell technologies. Clearly, there is room for more in-depth investigations so that the unique properties of CNHs will be exploited in full. Funding: This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund) through the Operational Programme “Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning” in the context of the project “Reinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers—2nd Cycle” (grant number: MIS 5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (IKΥ). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Karousis, N.; Suarez-Martinez, I.; Ewels, C.P.; Tagmatarchis, N. Structure, Properties, Functionalization, and Applications of Carbon Nanohorns. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 4850–4883. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Pagona, G.; Mountrichas, G.; Rotas, G.; Karousis, N.; Pispas, S.; Tagmatarchis, N. Properties, Applications and Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 2009, 6, 176–195. [CrossRef] 3. Pagona, G.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Fan, J.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S. Cone-End Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 3918–3920. [CrossRef] 4. Voiry, D.; Pagona, G.; Del Canto, E.; Noé, L.; Ortolani, L.; Morandi, V.; Monthioux, M.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Pénicaud, A. Reductive dismantling and functionalization of carbon nanohorns. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 5017–5019. [CrossRef] 5. Stergiou, A.; Liu, Z.; Xu, B.; Kaneko, T.; Ewels, C.P.; Suenaga, K.; Zhang, M.; Yudasaka, M.; Tagmatarchis, N. Individualized p-Doped Carbon Nanohorns. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 10468–10472. [CrossRef] 6. Ajima, K.; Yudasaka, M.; Murakami, T.; Maigne, A.; Shiba, K.; Iijima, S. Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carriers. Mol. Pharm. 2005, 2, 475–480. [CrossRef] 7. Sandanayaka, A.S.D.; Pagona, G.; Fan, J.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Araki, Y.; Ito, O. Photoinduced electron-transfer processes of carbon nanohorns with covalently linked pyrene chromophores: Charge-separation and electron-migration systems. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 2540. [CrossRef] 8. Pagona, G.; Sandanayaka, A.S.D.; Araki, Y.; Fan, J.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Charalambidis, G.; Coutsolelos, A.G.; Boitrel, B.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; et al. Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns with Porphyrins: Nanohybrid Formation and Photoinduced Electron and Energy Transfer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1705–1711. [CrossRef] 9. Pagona, G.; Sandanayaka, A.S.D.; Hasobe, T.; Charalambidis, G.; Coutsolelos, A.G.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Tagmatarchis, N. Characterization and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Thin Film Composed of Carbon Nanohorns Covalently Functionalized with Porphyrins. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 15735–15741. [CrossRef] 10. Rotas, G.; Sandanayaka, A.S.D.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Ichihashi, T.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Ito, O. (Terpyridine)copper(II)−Carbon Nanohorns: Metallo-nanocomplexes for Photoinduced Charge Separation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4725–4731. [CrossRef] 11. Vizuete, M.; Gomez-Escalonilla, M.J.; Fierro, J.L.G.; Ohkubo, K.; Fukuzumi, S.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Nierengarten, J.-F.; Langa, F. Photoinduced electron transfer in a carbon nanohorn–C60 conjugate. Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 2072–2080. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Carbon Nanohorn-Based Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
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