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a combination of the two. Due to the significant cost associated with designing and building reactors, modeling of such a system was of key interest and hence the Boudouard and hydrogenations models were also investigated under this study. Individual process models for Sabatier, Bosch, Boudouard, and hydrogenation reactions used the room- temperature electrolysis, which is the solid polymer electrolysis (SPE) technology, as the basis to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water. The process models for this study were developed using Hyprotech’s HYSYS.Plant v2.2.2 (Build 3806) process modeling software. HYSYS.Plant ensures mass and energy balances across all components inherently and includes thermodynamic data for all chemical species. The software models components such as pumps, compressors, turbines, and heat exchangers realistically. It also models chemical equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The models described in this paper were developed assuming steady state operation with chemical equilibrium reactions. IV . Results The process flow diagram for the Bosch process is shown in Figure 5. In this model, the Bosch system receives CO2 at 172kPa (25psia) from the LPCOR system. The CO2 is then mixed with hydrogen and a recycle stream that consists of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and some water vapor. The mixed stream is heated using a recuperating heat exchanger to the reaction temperature of 650°C before it enters the Bosch reactor. The Bosch reactor is simulated using two reactors, the Gibbs and Chemical Equilibrium reactors as shown in Figure 6. In the Gibbs reactor, the Gibbs free energy of selected products and reactants are minimized to estimate the most likely equilibrium composition. The reactants and the products of the Gibbs reactor include water, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The Gibbs reaction is primarily the reverse water gas shift reaction with some methanation, shown in Equations (8) and (9). CO2 + H2 ↔ CO + H2O (8) CO+3H2 ↔CH4+H2O (9) The Chemical Equilibrium reactor in the Bosch system model simulates the Boudouard reaction as shown in Equation (10). 2CO2 ↔ CO2 + C (10) This model used a tabular chemical equilibrium data. The Gibbs reaction is endothermic and the Boudouard reaction is exothermic, which makes the overall Bosch reaction exothermic. The Bosch reactor produces solid carbon and a gas stream. The percent conversion of carbon per pass is determined based on the molar flow of carbon monoxide into the Bosch reactor and the carbon flow out of the reactor. The model assumed 10% conversion and in order to maintain this requirement, the approach temperature to the Boudouard reactor was adjusted artificially to limit the conversion per pass. The hot gas stream exiting the reactor passes through a recuperating heat exchanger and gets cooled while preheating the stream that enters the reactor. The traces of water vapor in the gas stream further cooled in a condenser using ambient cooling. The condensed water is mixed with the main water stream and electrolyzed to product hydrogen and oxygen. The cooled gas stream exiting the water condenser is recycled with the incoming carbon dioxide and hydrogen streams. This recycled stream contains hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and some water. The hydrogen to carbon dioxide ratio was set to 2:1 by adjusting the incoming water stream. In this model, the composition of the recycle stream was adjusted so that the ratio of recycle flow to the combined hydrogen and carbon dioxide flow close to 14. The electrolysis process is modeled, as shown in Figure 7, assuming 100% conversion based on Equation (11). 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (11) 6 American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsPDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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