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• Co-electrolysis integrated hydrogenation process has the best overall performance. For pure oxygen production, it is the second best (with the co-electrolysis integrated Sabatier process being the best) in terms of power requirement. However, it performs better than all of the processes in terms of carbon dioxide utilization. • If co-electrolysis is used, heat recuperation is necessary to reduce power consumption. The following recommendations should be considered for further study: • The Bosch processes need to be modeled without any water input to be consistent with other models to make the carbon inflow more in balance with the carbon outflow. • If a small amount of water is desired for the Bosch process, a hydrogen purge stream needs to be added to improve the mass balance. • The models for this study have assumed steady state operation and chemical equilibrium within the reactors. The kinetics of the reactors need to be considered to model more realistic chemical reactions. VII. Discussion on Degradation Possibilities of SOEC [9] Thermal cycling due to shutdown and startup operations and thermal gradients on electrochemical reaction sites due to uneven heat distribution can cause large thermal stresses and potential failure of the cell. Existing degradation data can be classified as (a) baseline progressive constant-rate degradation, (b) degradation corresponding to transients caused by thermal or redox (reduction and oxidation) cycling phenomena occurring in a cell, and (c) degradation resulting from a sudden incident or a failure/malfunction of a component or a control in a stack system. However, there is no clear evidence if different events lead to similar or drastically different electrochemical degradation mechanisms within a cell. Main sources of degradation come from several cell components. Details about the following list of general observations and main sources of SOEC stack degradation have been discussed in earlier sections: • Delamination of O2-electrode side bond layer from the O2-electrode • Bond layer on steam/H2-electrode side is not degrading • Air and steam/H2 flow fields (flow channels) are not degrading • Five cell components are suspect o o o o o Bond layer on O2-electrode-Cr poisoning and dissociation O2-electrode-microstructural changes and delamination Loss of electrical/ionic conductivity of electrolyte Interconnect-generation of contaminants Steam/H2- electrode The degradation identical to that in a SOFC. Long-term, single-cell tests show that SOEC operation has greater degradation rates than that in SOFC mode. mechanisms in a stack are not identical to that in a single cell. Also, degradation in a SOEC is not It is understood that degradation of the O2-electrode is more severe than that of the H2-electrode. ANL examination of a SOEC operated by INL for ~1,500 hours showed that O2-electrode delaminated from the bond layer/electrolyte. In SOEC mode, O2 has to be pushed out, hence chances of delamination increase. Therefore, the high porosity of O2-electrode is very important. Per ANL observations, the delamination occurs in cell areas with high current flows. It has also been suggested that chromium poisoning originating from the interconnects or the balance-of-plant pipes may get located at the interface or triple phase boundary (TPB). This can result in bond layer getting separated from the O2-electrode. Deposition of impurities at the TPB and delamination can adversely impact the electrochemical reactions and ionic conductivity in the cell. In electrolytes, the main cause of degradation is loss of electrical/ionic conductivity. Müller et al. [10]showed that during first 1,000 hours of testing, yttria and scandia doped zirconia (8 mol% Y2O3 ScZrO2/8YSZ) electrolytes showed ~23% of degradation. For the next 1,700 hours of testing, the decrease in conductivity was as high as 38%. Overall, many researchers agree that the contribution of a steam/H2-electrode to SOEC degradation is much less than that of other cell components. ANL also observed Si as a capping layer on steam/H2-electrode. It probably was carried by steam from the seals, which contain Si. SiOx also emanates from interconnect plates. In literature, it has 24 American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsPDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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