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been noted that steam content greater than 30% shows conductivity loss. Therefore, an optimum ratio of steam-H2 mixture and steam utilization percentage needs to be determined. Interconnects can be a source of serious degradation. Sr, Ti, and Si segregate and build-up at interfaces. Sr segregates to the interconnect–bond layer interface. Mn segregates to the interconnect surface. Si and Ti segregate to the interconnect-passivation layer interface. Cr contamination can originate from interconnects and it can interact with O2-electrode surface or even diffuse into the O2-electrode. Coated stainless steel interconnects have shown reduced degradation rates. GE observed higher degradation with stainless steel current collectors than with Au current collectors [7] A hydrogen electrolysis plant or a laboratory-scale experiment is always connected to the pipes, gas storage tanks/cylinders, or other such equipment. These components can be a source of undesirable particles/chemicals, which can get deposited at different locations in a solid oxide electrolysis cells. It has been shown in previous sections that any foreign particles depositing at the triple phase boundary can lead to degradation in cell performance. The reactant gases can also have some undesirable impurities. It is understood that the balance of plant and gases are merely sources of impurities. The phenomenological causes of degradation depend on other electrochemical reasons. Figure 17. Figure 18. ASR of a 25-cell stack as a function of time for a 1,000-hour (Figure 17) H2 production rate during 1,000 hour and co-electrolysis (Figure 18) processes the glass seals were replaced. Nickel from nickel mesh can volatize in high water content environments, move into the steel and make it austenitic, which will eventually corrode. Silica poisoning is a potential problem. Impure water can contain Si. Therefore, in SOEC, it is likely that high temperature steam interacting with balance-of-plant piping picks up Si and transports it elsewhere to form nonconductive scale. Iron can also diffuse into glass seals and cause electrical shorting. Mn diffuses from interconnect, but its effect on degradation is unknown. Phosphorus and arsenic can react and interact with the electrode containing Ni. They can form eutectics and enhance Ni mobility. This is a very low-level effect. Performance degradation results with a 25-cell SOEC stack tested for 1,000 hours at INL are shown in Figures 19 and 20. [11] Figure 19 plots the stack ASR as a function of time for the 1,000 hours. The furnace temperature was increased from 800 to 830°C over an elapsed time of 118 hours, resulting in a sudden drop in ASR. The increase in ASR with time represents degradation in stack performance. The degradation rate decreases with time and is relatively low for the last 200 hours of the test. However, from the 118-hour mark to the end of the test, the ASR increased more than 40% over approximately 900 hours. Reduction of this performance degradation is an objective of ongoing research. Figure 4 shows the corresponding generation of hydrogen. 25 American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsPDF Image | CO2 and Steam Co-Electrolysis for Resource Utilization in Space
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