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Chapter 1 Alkaline fuel cells and liquid hydrogen for transport applications The salient issues regarding alkaline fuel cell use for power generation and the storage of hydrogen as a liquid fuel for transport applications are presented to establish the basis for this project. 'Black smoke hung over the city like bad news. The saddest of cities, a city so ruinously sad that it had forgotten its name'. The city of Kahani from Salman Rushdie' s novel for children, Haroun and the Sea of Stories, is made happy in the end by rain. It would seem that the negative effects of air pollution on life are now being recorded even in children's literature. There is an increasing awareness ofpollution, particularly ofthe pollution caused by vehicles in urban areas. This awareness is being reflected in the debate over new legislation. The California Air Resources Board recently passed the requirement, for California, that all major vehicle manufacturers market zero emission vehicles (ZEV). The number of these ZEV's was to represent at least 2% of their total vehicles offered for sale in California, by 1998, 5% by the year 2001 and 10% by 2003. There has perhaps not been such outcry over vehicle legislation since the Federal Emission Regulations in the US, in 1975. The 2% and 5% limits have consequently been dropped while the 10% 2003 figure has been retained for the time being[1]. This increased awareness of vehicular pollution is, as David Scott discusses, in a series of articles published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy[2], part of the evolution of the energy system. Describing quality of service, convenience, economic efficiency, energy efficiency and environmental gentility as the indicators of this evolution, he anticipates the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be produced from any primary energy source, and as with electricity, it is completely de- coupled from that energy source. This means that it can be used to power a large range of service technologies and that it is less limited geographically in where these services may be provided. Scott suggests that hydrogen will play a role in transportation, comparable to that played by electricity in communications. For power generation for transport applications, fuel cells are being tipped as the emerging technology. Helmut Werner, chairman of Mercedez Benz AG, was recently reported[3] as saying, "I am convinced that by the year 2005 we will have fuel cell driven vehicles...which actually operate without emissions. That will be a huge opportunity for the automobile industry." A number of research and demonstrationPDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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