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1.1 Fuel cells for transport applications 3 Proton exchange membranes consist of a polymer matrix with functional groups which allow hydronium ion transfer. They are thus acidic in nature. They are gels and require water for conductivity. In the past few years there have been tremendous improvements in the performance of proton exchange membranes. A large part of this is due the work of Srinivasan and his colleagues at Texas A&M University, and Ballard Power Systems Inc.. In recent years, platinum loadings have been reduced 100 fold while at the same time power density has been tripled[18]. As a result SPFC's have become the current focus of vehicular fuel cell projects. 1.1.1 Comparison of PEM and AFC's for transport use In a paper based on a study for Canadian National Railways, Scott et al.[19] state that of the various types of fuel cells SPFC's and AFC's are especially suitable for transport power generation. They go on to state that the emergence of SPFC's is probably due to the greater number of manufacturers concentrating on SPFC's rather than any inherent technical advantage over AFC's. In keeping with this trend, Elenco nv., the only commercial manufacturer of alkaline fuel cells, was recently declared bankrupt. At the same time Ballard Power Systems Inc., the developer of the PEM fuel cell bus, has won a US$5.9 million contract to develop a 100kW PEM fuel cell for a transit bus for Georgetown University[20]. On a technical basis there are four main issues for comparison between AFC's and SPFC's: efficiency, use of platinum as an electrocatalyst, other material constraints, and ability to use reformed hydrocarbon fuels. A comparison of the electrochemical performance shown by Barendrecht[21] shows that the potential at the cathode, for oxygen reduction, is consistently higher in an alkaline medium than for an acidic medium. This results in efficiencies for the alkaline system 10-15% higher than the acidic medium. Platinum loadings for PEM cells are currently 0.05mg/cm2[18] at the cathode. State of the art SPFC performance reported by Appleby and Yeager[22] in 1986, gave the Pt loading as 4mg/cm2. Yet the use of Pt has been of concern due to the uncertainty of its availability[23]. Alkaline fuel cells do not require Pt. They have been operated successfully on non-noble electrocatalysts at low temperatures[13-p262;24-p42]. Aqueous KOH is the least corrosive of commonly used electrolytes[13-p411]. For the same reason, the range of construction materials that can be used in acid media is much less. The use of reformed hydrocarbon fuels poses difficulties for both these types of fuel cells. AFC's cannot tolerate CO2, Electrolyte carbonation occurs by the reaction The presence of carbonate: • reduces the OR ion concentration interfering with electrode kinetics; (1.1)PDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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