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12 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 Chapter 2 CO2 removal process evaluation Refrigeration purification calculations Basic calculations Cooling required The maximum allowable concentration of CO2 for alkaline fuel cell feed air according to Bockris and Appleby[54-p98], is generally taken as 10ppm. Elenco nv. specified 50ppm as being permissable for their standard AFC module[57]. An equation describing the vapour pressure curve may be derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and used in conjunction with the appropriate constants for water and CO2 listed by Barron[58-p225], to determine that air at a pressure of 1 atm must be lowered to a temperature of 112K to obtain a CO2 concentration of 10ppm. 384ppm CO2, the normal concentration in air, becomes saturated at 130K. The concentration of water is <1ppm at the normal sublimation temperature for CO2, 194.68K. The vapour pressure curves for the temperature range of interest are shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2. The cooling required (Q) to lower air to a temperature of 112K, condense moisture and sublime CO2 may then be calculated as shown in equation (2.2). This is done by taking the sum of the changes in enthalpy (h) of dry air and the product of the mixing ratio (w) and enthalpy of the components condensed or sublimed for a temperature change from ambient to 112K. (2.2) The mixing ratio for water at a temperature of 112K is negligible and so ignored in (2.2). Taking the worst case for moisture content in air and ambient temperature to be 100% relative humidity at 33°C (0.033kg/kg dry air), and the CO2 content in air to be 384ppm, the cooling required is -279.5kJ/kg of air, the water alone requiring -84.52kJ/kg of air. The appropriate values for enthalpy were obtained from the data listings of Din[59], and Rogers and Mayhew[60]. 2.2.1.2 Exergy calculations The thermomechanical exergy (B) available from liquid hydrogen is calculated as (2.3) for steady flow, where Hand S are the enthalpy and entropy, and the subscript 0 refers to the reference state. Estimating the outlet state as 280K and 1.01325 bar and using storage conditions of 25.957K and 4 bar, the total thermomechanical exergy (ignoring kinetic and potential terms) is 10740.92 kJ/kg. Values of enthalpy and entropy are taken from the monograph by McCarty et al.[61]. If the hydrogen is used only as a heatPDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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