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14 Chapter 2 CO2 removal process evaluation 2.2.1.3 Cooling ratio Air is supplied to the FC, in excess of the stoichiometric amount, by an amount equal to the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen utilisation factor. This ratio is usually, according to Giner and Swette[47-p87], taken as 2, or from Elenco's standard module data sheet[57] as 2.5, by volume. Taking the ratio to be 2.5 gives a hydrogen-air mass ratio ~1:85. The ratio of total cooling available to that required is obtained by multiplying the cooling available, the thermal component of exergy, with the mass ratio. For the case of boil-off only it is 0.154, and for vaporisation and boil-off it is 0.170. 2.3 Schematic description of the new process Only 15-17% of the cooling required to lower air to the calculated cold end temperature, and condense the water and CO2, is available. This will be further reduced by heat leak from the surroundings into the apparatus. The process of refrigeration purification is thus dependant on air to air heat exchange and the re-vaporisation of the condensed water to an effectiveness greater than at least 85%. The cooling available from the hydrogen is therefore only used to make up the irreversibilities in the heat exchange, the sublimation of CO2, and any heat leak. The system must therefore:- • allow hydrogen-air, and air-air heat exchange at an effectiveness greater than 85%; • provide for water re-vaporisation; • be able to purge, periodically, the sublimed CO2; • be located at the point of venting of boil-off and insulated, to minimise heat leakage; • have low mass and volume; and • have minimal pressure drop to minimise pumping energy. A heat exchanger apparatus to perform CO2 removal from air has been designed in three parts as shown in Figure 2.3: • one reversing heat exchanger operating above the CO2 saturation temperature, between ambient temperature and ~200K, with flow switching to allow water condensation and re-vaporisation, and air-air heat exchange; • two direct heat exchangers being cycled in the CO2 sublimation region, between 200K and 112K; and • one direct heat exchanger for hydrogen-air heat exchange. The reversing heat exchanger is similar in principle to the standard reversing heat exchangers used in the air separation industry. It is a counterflow heat exchanger operating between ambient temperature and ~200K. Compared to regenerators, there is no heat storage in the packing, instead, the flow channels are exposed alternately to moist air, and then to dry air at a lower pressure after the CO2 has been removed,PDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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