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3.2 Reversing heat exchangers 21 concentration difference between the surface and bulk gas, and hence the concentration difference at the same temperature level between the two streams, and • deviation from ideality of partial vapour pressures at low temperature. Deviation from ideality of the specific heat of the high pressure gas stream at temperatures approaching its boiling point causes the temperature difference between the two streams to increase and this has a deleterious effect on the re-vaporisation. Temperature differences at the cold end can be controlled by a method proposed by Trumpler, discussed by Lobo and Skaperdas[63]. In this arrangement, applied to air separation, the reversing heat exchanger is a multi-stream heat exchanger with four passages carrying air, nitrogen, product oxygen, and an unbalance stream. A schematic representation of this arrangement is shown in Figure 3.1. The process inlet air is cooled by the other three streams. The streams carrying air and nitrogen are switched, or reversed periodically, so that the water and carbon dioxide deposited by the air are re- vaporised and purged by the nitrogen. The nitrogen, being at a much lower pressure than the air, can hold more water and carbon dioxide than was deposited by the air, at the same temperature as the nitrogen. This is so, even though the mass flow rate o f nitrogen is lower than that of air. At low temperature however, the specific heat of air at high pressure (typically 6-7 bar) is greater than that of its components (oxygen and nitrogen) at low pressure (1-2 bar). Therefore the temperature difference between the air, and the nitrogen and oxygen streams increases with decreasing temperature. The nitrogen at this low temperature is unable to re-vaporise all the deposited impurities. The unbalance stream is a portion of the nitrogen stream which is recirculated at the low temperature end thereby increasing the net mass flow rate of nitrogen in that region of the heat exchanger and reducing the temperature difference. This allows complete re-vaporisation, and enables the heat exchanger to continue functioning without becoming blocked and inoperable. 3.2.2 Mass transfer In this process of removing CO2 and water from a stream of air by refrigeration purification, the lowest temperature required for sufficient condensation of water is high enough for the bulk air to be considered non-condensible. The temperature ranges in which the condensation of water and then sublimation of CO2 occur are quite separate so at any given time there is only a single vapour condensing or evaporating. An analysis of the mass transfer processes for the case of condensation of a vapour from a non-condensible gas may be found in the books by Kern[66] or Webb[67]. Figure 3.2 shows a schematic of a cross section of a condenser wall. Two main effects are observed: a depression of the partial pressure of the vapour in the vicinity of the wall, and a depression of the interface temperature. The mass transfer and heatPDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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