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42 Chapter 4 Apparatus design and development inlet and outlet temperatures as part of the process. Gifford et al.[96] developed an alternative method to measure the effectiveness of regenerators operating at cryogenic temperatures. In this method the warm fluid exiting the test regenerator flows through a liquid nitrogen (LN2) bath before entering an identical regenerator as the cold fluid. The LN2 is used to provide a constant cold end temperature and the boil-off ofLN2 fom this bath provides a direct measure of the ineffectiveness of the regenenitor. Venkatarathnam[80-p138] has developed an apparatus for measuring MHE effectiveness which is similar in principle. He has introduced a by-pass which allows, only part of the fluid flow, to be diverted through the LN2 bath while the rest goes through the by-pass. The relative flows in the by-pass and the LN2 bath are each controlled by a valve. This allows control of the cold end temperature. The two valves can also be used to increase the pressure difference between the cold and hot streams. The working principle is shown in Figure 4.1. The test rig used for this project has been developed on this principle. LN2 boil-off vN2 (l-y)mhx Figure 4.1 Working principle of cryogenic heat exchanger test apparatus. Cold end temperature is controlled by varying the amount of the flow passing through the LN2 bath. The effectiveness is calculated from the boil-off of liquid nitrogen as _ VN 2 P h j g (4.1) 8LN2-1 -.--,---:.-=----,- mMH·J? (Th.-T .) l!.'-p ,1 C,l where vN2 is the volume flow rate of the boil-off from the LN2 bath, :ill MHE is the mass flow rate in the heat exchangers and Thi etc. refer to the temperatures of the fluid in the heat exchanger. 4.1.2 Description of apparatus: set-up and operation The test apparatus is shown schematically in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3. Plate 4.1 shows the actual apparatus layout. The working fluid enters the reversing heat exchanger (H20-MHE) through thePDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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