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52 Chapter 4 Apparatus design and development A Varian M6 oil diffusion pump was substituted into the system to increase the pumping speed and the throughput. At system pressures below 5x10-3 torr the throughput of the Varian SD-200 was adequate to back the M6. This meant an operating precaution 3 of ensuring the mass spectrometer was evacuated to 10- torr before bringing the M6 on- line. A new 6Yzl toroidal-louvred liquid nitrogen cold trap was designed and built for use with the M6. The mass spectrometer analyser chamber can be isolated from the vacuum system by a bellows sealed right angled valve (Varian 951-5027). An ionisation gauge (MKS Instruments, SensaVac 290C-06, IG-4 gauge head) is attached to the chamber to monitor pressure. The entire chamber, valve and ionisation gauge head are wrapped in heating coil. The chamber and valve can be baked to 350°C. 4.2.2 Continuous sampling system In order to be able introduce a gas sample continuously for mass spectrometric analysis the throughput of the sample must be matched to the throughput of the mass spectrometer vacuum system at the desired sampling pressure. The maximum operating pressure for the mass spectrometer is 10-5 torr. Inside the mass spectrometer analyser 5 chamber, at pressures below 10- torr, the flow is molecular in nature. Gas flow rate in the sampling system and into the mass spectrometer is calculated using Poiseuille's equation for viscous flow and Knudsen's equation for molecular flow (Brunner and Batzer[97-p14]). (4.2) (4.3) 3 where Q is the throughput in bar cm /s, the subscripts v and m denoting viscous and molecular flow; DT is the tube diameter and L is its length; PI and P2 denote the high and low pressure respectively. The equation for molecular flow (4.3) shows the dependence of the flow rate on the molecular mass (M) of the gas. Hence if a gas sample consisting of a mixture of gases is introduced to a mass spectrometer and undergoes a transition from viscous to molecular flow at some point, mass fractionation of the gas sample will occur, as reported by Honig[98]. Nier et aL[99], while developing a gas sampling system for continuous sampling from a process stream, found fractionation to occur in the transition from viscous to molecular flow if the fractionated gas was allowed to back diffuse into the sample stream. Fractionation was eliminated by using a capillary 5W' long, 0.006" ID. This maintained a high enough gas velocity up to the constriction where thePDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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