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4.2 Gas analysis using a mass spectrometer 53 transition would occur, and prevent back diffusion of the fractionated gas. Halstead and Nier[100] suggest that the most feasible way of improving a viscous leak is to maintain viscous flow to the lowest possible pressure, by decreasing the diameter of the capillary and/or increasing its length. As long as the two are changed by the same factor the time response of the sampling system (ie. the transit time of the sample through the sampling system) is unchanged. A continuous sampling system incorporating a by-pass pump was designed for a maximum operating pressure for the mass spectrometer of 10-6 torr. A schematic representation ofthe sampling system is shown in Figure 4.4. PI is taken as atmospheric pressure; DI is 0.010" (0.254mm); D2 is 0.007" (0.178mm); and P3 is 10-6 torr. The sample by-pass pump (single stage rotary pump; Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Co. Ltd., JR-150; speed 75 l/min, ultimate vacuum 0.001 torr) allows viscous flow to be maintained to a low intermediate pressure, P2. As long as P2>1O-2torr, the flow in the 0.010" capillary is viscous in nature, the transition from viscous to molecular flow occurring in the 0.007" capillary. At 10-6 torr the maximum throughput for the M6 is jto "tnple bypass pwnp Figure 4.4 Schematic layout of continuous sampling system. 2xlO-5 bar cm3/s. Then for Q = 2xlO-5 barr cm3/s and using equation (4.2) L2~100mm, assuming P2~ 4 torr. For the by-pass pump operating at 4 torr its maximum throughput is estimated at 0.4 torr-lis. From equation (4.2) LI~550mm. In this design a flow regulating valve was used to control the throughput to the sample by-pass pump. This allows control of the intermediate pressure P2, and hence of the sample throughput to the mass spectrometer. A sampling pressure in the range of 10-5 8 to 10- torr can be chosen by the operator.PDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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