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5.2 Single heat exchanger performance 63 be seen from Figure 5.4 that the temperature of the fluid in the by-pass inlet (TBpin) and by-pass outlet (TBPouJ is substantially higher than the fluid temperature in liquid nitrogen heat exchanger inlet (TLN2-HXin)' Further it can be seen from Figure 5.6 which is a record of temperature during the cool down period that TBPou! remains higher than TBPin and that both of these in turn remain higher than TLN2-HXin' It may be expected that the heat leak through the valves and pipe-work is higher when gas is flowing through these pipes. This would give higher net heat transfer due to added convection, over heat leak by conduction. At steady state conditions under which the tests are done the heat leak is balanced by added boil-off from the LN2 inner bath to maintain a constant cold end outlet temperature (taken as TBpin). However, the zero-rate is measured with no flow through the LN2-HX. It therefore cannot represent completely the effect of this heat leak. A higher than measured zero-rate is consistent with calculated low LN2 boil-off based effectiveness. 20 0 -20 U 0 '-' 0 ~ ~ S- !J. Cold end inlet avg. x By-pass inlet o By-pass outlet ,........ 0 ..... -100 'S ~ "C Figure 5.6 0 10 20 30 40 time (min) Fluid temperatures during cool down period. The step increase in cold end inlet avg. temperature marks the time at which the LN2-HX valve is turned almost completely off (by- pass valve full open). -40 + <> 'V LN2-HX inlet LN2-HX outlet W ann end inlet -60 -80 -120 -140 -160 5.2.5 Cool-down Initial cool-down of the single heat exchanger is achieved by directing most of the flow of the dry gaseous nitrogen through the LN2-HX. As the cold end temperatures approach those required for the test the bypass valve is opened fully and the LN2-HX valve turned almost completely off. Cool-down temperatures versus time are shown in Figure 5.6. The step increase in cold end inlet average temperature (TclaVg) indicates thePDF Image | CO2 removal from air for alkaline fuel cells operating with liquid H2
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