PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Energies 2020, 13, 6101 6 of 14 a digital voltage meter (34401A, Agilent, USA) to record voltage between two electrodes. The transport number of composite membranes was calculated by the following equation: E =RT1−2t lnC1 (4) m F + C2 where, Em is the measured membrane potential, T is the temperature of the solution (K), F is the Faraday constant (96485 C eq−1), R is the ideal gas constant (8.3145 J mol−1 K−1), and C1 is the lower electrolyte concentration, C2 is the higher electrolyte concentration [38]. For the determination of proton conductivity of composite membranes, the electrical impedance of composite membranes was measured. The membranes were cut into a piece with 2 × 2 cm2 and then were impregnated with 1 M H2SO4 for 12 h to replace functional groups into a proton. A piece of a sample was washed with distilled water and was placed in a four-electrode in-plane conductivity cell. The in-plane cell was immersed in distilled water, and the impedance value was measured at a frequency range from 106 to 10−3 Hz using a potentiostat/galvanostat with a frequency response analyzer (SP-150, BioLogic, France). Proton conductivity of composite membranes is calculated by the following equation: σ (S/cm) = L (5) R·A where, L is the thickness of a membrane, R is the impedance of a membrane at zero phase angle and A is the cross-sectional area of a membrane. 2.6. Fuel Cell Performance Using Porous PTFE-Reinforced Composite Membranes The membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) were made by a spraying technique using a commercially available Pt-based electrocatalyst (Alfa Aesar HiSPECTM 4000, USA) with the catalyst loading of 0.4 mg cm−2 and Nafion® 212 (Chemours) or a lab-made composite membrane. MEAs prepared in this study were mounted in a unit cell with an electrode active area of 9 cm2 and were evaluated in a test station (CNL Energy Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea). Hydrogen crossover was measured by using a test station (CNL Energy Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 70 ◦C, with H2/N2 flows fixed at 0.2/0.2 L min−1 and 2.5 bar absolute pressure in the anode and cathode compartment. The cell operation conditions were in 100% relative humidity for both anode and cathode and the cell temperature of 70 ◦C. The fuel and oxidant were hydrogen and air to the anode and cathode with a stoichiometry ratio of 1.2 and 2.0, respectively. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization of GA/ATS Solutions Surface coating of adhesive hydrophilic materials is based on the synthesis of polysiloxane from GA/ATS, which is caused by adhesive deposition of the mussel-inspired coating [35]. To confirm in-situ biomimetic silicification, the reactions between GA with the catechol hydroxyl moiety and ATS with the amino moieties have been investigated. Firstly, the visual observation of GA/ATS solutions with incubation time was carried out. Figure 3 shows the co-deposition of GA and ATS. Color and transparency of the GA/#1 change and the co-deposit particles in the GA/#1 solution are not clearly formed. It is, however, observed that the GA/#2 and GA/#3 solutions successfully formed the co-deposition. Initially, both solutions are transparent and yellow. As the incubation time increases, the color of the solutions becomes opaque and dark brown by visual observation. This is also confirmed by the laser transmission of the synthetic solutions in Figure 3. In all cases, laser light penetrates clear solutions immediately after mixing GA and #2 but does not penetrate any more after 120, 30, and 30 min for the GA/#1, GA/#2, and GA/#3, respectively. In addition, the GA/#3 shows more scattered laser light penetration at the beginning compared to the GA/#1 and GA/#2. It infers that the homogeneous reaction is faster than the others. In the case of the GA/#3, after the incubation time ofPDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
PDF Search Title:
Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous SubstratesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-13-06101.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)