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deposition. Initially, both solutions are transparent and yellow. As the incubation time increases, the color of the solutions becomes opaque and dark brown by visual observation. This is also confirmed by the laser transmission of the synthetic solutions in Figure 3. In all cases, laser light penetrates clear solutions immediately after mixing GA and #2 but does not penetrate any more after 120, 30, and 30 min for the GA/#1, GA/#2, and GA/#3, respectively. In addition, the GA/#3 shows more scattered Energies 2020, 13, 6101 7 of 14 laser light penetration at the beginning compared to the GA/#1 and GA/#2. It infers that the homogeneous reaction is faster than the others. In the case of the GA/#3, after the incubation time of 120miin,,lalasseerrlilgighhttpepneentertartaetseasgaaginainsinscinectehethseynstyhnetthicetmicamteraitaelrbiaelgbinesgitnosgtrowgrmowassmivaeslsyivaenldytaonsdintko, fisinakl,lyfinpaelrlmy iptteirnmg iltatisnegr liagshetr tloigthrat ntosmtriatnsslimghittlsyligahgatliyn atgharoinugthrothuegshutphernsuaptaenrtn. atant. Figure 3. Visual observation of GA/ATS/alkaline buffer solutions with incubation time (#1): APTES; Figure 3. Visual observation of GA/ATS/alkaline buffer solutions with incubation time (#1): APTES; (#2): TMPEDA; (#3): TMPDETA. (#2): TMPEDA; (#3): TMPDETA. The hydrophilic treatment of the porous PTFE-substrates could be attained by the self-coating The hydrophilic treatment of the porous PTFE-substrates could be attained by the self-coating of the adhesive polysiloxane on the surface of the two kinds of substrates when the substrates are of the adhesive polysiloxane on the surface of the two kinds of substrates when the substrates are immersed in the GA/ATS/alkaline buffer solutions. The self-coating results in a decrease in the immersed in the GA/ATS/alkaline buffer solutions. The self-coating results in a decrease in the contact angle of the surface of the substrates in a solid-water-air system. Normally, the surface is contact angle of the surface of the substrates in a solid-water-air system. Normally, the surface is hydrophobic when the contact angle larger than 90◦ and hydrophilic when the contact angle is less hydrophobic when the contact angle larger than 90° and hydrophilic when the contact angle is less than 90◦. As shown in Figure 4, the treatment of GA and #1 results in no decrease in contact angle than 90°. As shown in Figure 4, the treatment of GA and #1 results in no decrease in contact angle as as the incubation time increases, which means that the surface of both substrates was not treated to the incubation time increases, which means that the surface of both substrates was not treated to be be hydrophilic. It was reported that GA and #1 in alkaline buffer successfully deposited hydrophilic hydrophilic. It was reported that GA and #1 in alkaline buffer successfully deposited hydrophilic polysiloxane on MF and UF filters [33]. However, no significantly hydrophilic coating was attained for polysiloxane on MF and UF filters [33]. However, no significantly hydrophilic coating was attained the substrates with higher porosity than MF and UF. In contrast, #2 and #3 with GA in alkaline buffer for the substrates with higher porosity than MF and UF. In contrast, #2 and #3 with GA in alkaline successfully achieved the hydrophilic coating on the substrates. Thus, the GA/#1 was excluded for buffer successfully achieved the hydrophilic coating on the substrates. Thus, the GA/#1 was excluded further hydrophilic treatment. Figure 5 shows the change in the contact angle of the surface of two for further hydrophilic treatment. Figure 5 shows the change in the contact angle of the surface of substrates treated by GA/#2 and GA/#3 with incubation time. Hydrophilicity in all the cases increased two substrates treated by GA/#2 and GA/#3 with incubation time. Hydrophilicity in all the cases with the incubation time. The minimum incubation time for the increase was 30 min for both GA/ATS increased with the incubation time. The minimum incubation time for the increase was 30 min for solutions. It was observed that there was no change in hydrophilicity prior to 30 min. A decrease rate both GA/ATS solutions. It was observed that there was no change in hydrophilicity prior to 30 min. in the contact angle for the thinner substrate (Zeus) was greater than the thicker substrate (Sterlitech). A decrease rate in the contact angle for the thinner substrate (Zeus) was greater than the thicker There is no distinct difference in hydrophilic coating for the thicker substrate with the type of the substrate (Sterlitech). There is no distinct difference in hydrophilic coating for the thicker substrate solutions, but better hydrophilic treatment by the GA/#3 for the thinner substrate is observed than that with the type of the solutions, but better hydrophilic treatment by the GA/#3 for the thinner substrate by the GA/#2. In addition, the contact angle of the GA/#3 treated thinner substrate only becomes less is observed than that by the GA/#2. In addition, the contact angle of the GA/#3 treated thinner than 90◦ with an incubation time of 30 min. As a result, the combination of the thinner substrate having substrate only becomes less than 90° with an incubation time of 30 min. As a result, the combination ~5 μm and the GA/#3 solution is effective for hydrophilic coating by in-situ biomimetic silicification. of the thinner substrate having ~5 m and the GA/#3 solution is effective for hydrophilic coating by In particular, the ATS with the longer amino moieties results in better Michael addition and Schiff in-situ biomimetic silicification. In particular, the ATS with the longer amino moieties results in better base reactions with the catechol hydroxyl moiety of GA. In addition, according to the results of the size distribution of co-deposits formed in the GA/#2 and GA/#3 solutions (see Figure 6 and Table 4), the GA/#3 forms narrower and smaller particles than the GA/#2 as the incubation time increases. Hence, the porous substrate immersed in the GA/#3 results in better hydrophilic treatment. It could be concluded that the hydrophilic treatment of the Zeus porous PTFE substrates in the GA/#3 solution for 30 min incubation time is optimal.PDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
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